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Institut für Leistungselektronik und Elektrische Antriebe
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Veröffentlichungen am Institut für Leistungselektronik und Elektrische Antriebe

2024
1. Haspel, A., Ketchedjian, V., Marx, P., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Determination of Rotor-Angle Dependent, Differential Inductances of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Different Model Structures. In: IEEE (ed.) 2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 5127–5134 (2024).
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  @inproceedings{10860743, abstract = {This paper addresses the determination of rotor-angle dependent, differential inductances of a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine by evaluating the current response to voltage pulses. It explains how the same measurement data can be used to determine the inductances for different structures of the machine model in the abc- and dq-reference frame and compares the results. In particular, the influence of the magnetic anisotropy on the machine’s star-point potential during the evaluation of the data in the abc-system is discussed. Based on the rotor-angle dependent results in the dq-system, the paper demonstrates how the measurement data can be used to identify design-related harmonics of the machine and how the results can be converted between different models.}, author = {Haspel, André and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Marx, Philipp and Haarer, Jörg and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, editor = {IEEE}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {5127-5134}, title = {Determination of Rotor-Angle Dependent, Differential Inductances of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Different Model Structures}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10860743}, year = 2024 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10860743
2. Marx, P., Probst, M., Haspel, A., Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Evaluation and Design of Symmetrical Winding Configurations for Improved Common Mode Noise Reduction in Full Bridge Converters. In: IEEE (ed.) 2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 4812–4818 (2024).
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  @inproceedings{10861825, abstract = {Changing voltages due to switching transitions across parasitic grounding impedances, for example in motor windings, lead to common mode noise currents. With synchronized opposing switching transitions in full bridge converters, opposing common mode noise currents can be generated, which reduce the overall noise by superimposition. To generate the opposing noise current, consisting of the same frequency components, the effective grounding impedances at the nodes, where the switching transitions occur, should be equal. The paper shows that a commonly used orthocyclic winding has unsymmetric grounding impedances leading to a non-ideal reduction of the common mode currents. To improve the common mode noise reduction, symmetric winding configurations are designed and evaluated on the example of a full bridge converter.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Probst, Marcel and Haspel, André and Ziegler, Philipp and Haarer, Joerg and Roth-Stielow, Joerg}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, editor = {IEEE}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {4812-4818}, title = {Evaluation and Design of Symmetrical Winding Configurations for Improved Common Mode Noise Reduction in Full Bridge Converters}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10861825}, year = 2024 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10861825
3. Lutzen, H., Ziegler, P., Müller, J., Roth-Stielow, J., Kaminski, N.: Why the 3 dB bandwidth of a current sensor does not provide an exact statement about its measurement capability. In: IEEE (ed.) CIPS 2024; 13th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems. pp. 182–189 (2024).
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  @inproceedings{10564737, abstract = {This work investigates the challenges for current measurement equipment due to the ever-increasing switching speed of power semiconductors. The investigation focuses on the influence of the different transfer characteristics of current sensors and the issues arising from using the 3 dB limit for comparison. The distinct transfer characteristics of sensors like current shunts and Rogowski coils and the resulting asymmetry in measurements are analyzed. The paper highlights the misconceptions about sensor quality, when following the current practice, as a higher 3 dB bandwidth does not necessarily correlate with a better performance. Two alternative approaches for a more decent comparison of current sensors are discussed.}, author = {Lutzen, Hauke and Ziegler, Philipp and Müller, Jonas and Roth-Stielow, Joerg and Kaminski, Nando}, booktitle = {CIPS 2024; 13th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems}, editor = {IEEE}, month = {03}, pages = {182-189}, title = {Why the 3 dB bandwidth of a current sensor does not provide an exact statement about its measurement capability}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10564737}, year = 2024 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10564737
4. Haarer, J., Koppenhöfer, L., Marx, P., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Power Electronics Building Block with Distributed TCM Modulator. In: APEC (ed.) 2024 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). pp. 2156–2163 (2024).
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  @inproceedings{10509061, abstract = {High switching frequencies in combination with zero voltage switching allow to increase the power density while reducing the costs of power electronic converters. However, the design of such systems is complex due to the complex hardware design and the small-time constants in the modulators and control system resulting from the high switching frequencies. To still benefit from the advantages of high switching frequencies and zero voltage switching, in a wide range of applications, it is desirable to have a general-purpose power electronics building block which provides these hardware related functions in an encapsulated module via an easy-to-use interface. Such a power electronics building block that can operate at high switching frequencies and realizes zero voltage switching over the entire operating range is presented. This is achieved by a novel distributed realization of a triangular current mode modulator and the introduction of switch modules. Besides the basic ideas of the switch modules and the distributed triangular current mode modulator, as well as two possible realization variants, the application of the power electronics building block is demonstrated on the example of a non-isolated DC/DC converter with superimposed closed loop voltage control.}, author = {Haarer, Jörg and Koppenhöfer, Luis and Marx, Philipp and Ziegler, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)}, editor = {APEC}, issn = {2470-6647}, language = {en}, month = {02}, pages = {2156-2163}, title = {Power Electronics Building Block with Distributed TCM Modulator}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10509061}, year = 2024 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10509061
2023
1. Marx, P., Qi, B., Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Synchronization of Switching Transitions in Parallel Modules of Integrated Modular Motor Drives for Common Mode Noise Reduction. In: 2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia). pp. 655–662 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10213749, abstract = {The changing potential during switching transitions of power electronic devices causes common mode noise. Besides passive filters, there are space saving approaches, which actively reduce the common mode noise. One approach is to synchronize opposing switching transitions of power electronic devices with similar parasitic impedances. The synchronized opposing switching transitions generate opposing common mode noises, which reduce each other by superposition. This principle is often used in topologies with parallel structures. In most cases, two structures are operated invers, in which the control signals of both structures are strictly dependent from each other. Integrated Modular Motor Drives offer parallel topologies enabling the synchronization of opposing switching transitions. This paper presents a switching scheme to synchronize switching transitions with increased degree of freedom compared to an invers operation. The novel switching scheme allows different control signals in all parallel modules of Integrated Modular Motor Drives.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Qi, Boya and Ziegler, Philipp and Haarer, Jörg and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia)}, issn = {2150-6086}, month = {05}, pages = {655-662}, title = {Synchronization of Switching Transitions in Parallel Modules of Integrated Modular Motor Drives for Common Mode Noise Reduction}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213749}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213749
2. Ziegler, P., Bura, M., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Hirning, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Signal Processing Design for Wide Bandwidth Hybrid Current Sensor based on Enhanced Analog Operational Amplifier Circuit. 2023, IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications. Volume 12 Pages, 635–642 (2023).
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  @article{ziegler2023signal, abstract = {Hybrid current sensors are suitable for wide bandwidth current measurement. They entail the fusion of two different measurement circuits, one for DC and low-frequency current and another for high-frequency current. Thus, the advantages of the different measurement principles are incorporated in one current sensor. Hybrid current sensors generate output signals through a superposition of the signals from the low-frequency and high-frequency current sensors. This is realized using analog signal processing by means of an analog operational amplifier circuit. Realization of the superposition of the frequency responses of the different measurement circuits to achieve a constant gain in the transition area is challenging. This study focused on the analog signal processing and its enhancement. Specifically, two possible signal processing approaches to increase the bandwidth based on the state-of-the-art realization of a low-pass filter were devised. These approaches were investigated using a simulation model. Frequency response measurements using a hybrid current sensor based on tunneling magnetoresistance sensors and a Rogowski coil were used for verification. The results show that by enhancing the signal processing, the bandwidth of the current sensors can be significantly increased.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Bura, Michael and Haarer, Jörg and Marx, Philipp and Hirning, David and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, journal = {2023, IEEJ Journal of Industry Applications}, number = {Issue 4}, pages = {635-642}, title = {Signal Processing Design for Wide Bandwidth Hybrid Current Sensor based on Enhanced Analog Operational Amplifier Circuit}, url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejjia/12/4/12_22007463/_article}, volume = {Volume 12 Pages }, year = 2023 }
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  https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ieejjia/12/4/12_22007463/_article
3. Ziegler, P., Al-Hussainy, A., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a 2 kA Pulsed Current Source for Characterization of Current Sensors. In: PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–8 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10173269, abstract = {This paper presents the design of a 2 kA pulsed current source. It uses parallel connected silicon carbid semiconductor devices to provide high current amplitudes and short rise and fall times. Also a custom gate driver, based on a galium nitride half-bridge, is used to allow short turn on and off times of the parallel connected semiconductor devices. In this way, current pulses with amplitudes up to 2 kA and rise and fall times of less than 60 ns can be generated by the current source, which are typical of today’s commutation current in power electronic systems.Therefore, it can be used for the characterization and comparison of highly dynamic current sensors.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Al-Hussainy, Abbas and Haarer, Joerg and Marx, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Joerg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {05}, pages = {1-8}, title = {Design of a 2 kA Pulsed Current Source for Characterization of Current Sensors}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173269}, year = 2023 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173269
4. Haspel, A., Kaiser, K., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Harmonic Current Controller Design for Anisotropic Synchronous Machines based on a Machine Model in Harmonic Reference Frame. In: 2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia). pp. 2979–2986 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10213689, abstract = {This paper proposes a novel controller design for harmonic current control of synchronous machines based on a plant model in a harmonic reference frame. The modeling in the harmonic reference frame exposes additional harmonic couplings in the plant's transfer function, caused by the different inductances in the direct- and quadrature-axis of the rotor. These effects disturb conventional harmonic controllers. Therefore, the proposed controller uses an inverse plant model including the additional harmonic couplings, to achieve the desired stationary and dynamic behavior. The implementation of the novel harmonic controller, simulations and experimental results are presented for a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine.}, author = {Haspel, André and Kaiser, Kim and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia)}, issn = {2150-6086}, month = {05}, pages = {2979-2986}, title = {Harmonic Current Controller Design for Anisotropic Synchronous Machines based on a Machine Model in Harmonic Reference Frame}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213689}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213689
5. Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Eckstein, M., Haspel, A., Roth-Stielow, J.: Evaluation of a Low-Cost Wide Bandwidth Current Shunt for Characterization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Devices. In: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′23 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10264595, abstract = {Characterizing the switching losses of wide bandgap semiconductor devices requires wide bandwidth measurement equipment with the smallest possible insertion inductance added to the commutation path by the current sensor. A common current measurement approach is using low-cost off-the-shelf SMD resistors and measure the voltage drop. This SMD shunt approach has a limited bandwidth due to parasitic inductances. In this work, an evaluation of such a low-cost current shunt is performed. The influences and constraints that limit the bandwidth are investigated. The design of a compensation network and the resulting bandwidth improvement are examined. Based on the theoretical discussion, a compact current shunt is designed, that allows a simple integration into the commutation path while adding a low insertion inductance. The measurement results show, that the common measurement approach can reach a bandwidth of several hundred MHz if the design constraints are met and can be further extended by a compensation network.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Haarer, Jörg and Marx, Philipp and Eckstein, Mattea and Haspel, André and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {Evaluation of a Low-Cost Wide Bandwidth Current Shunt for Characterization of Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Devices}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264595}, year = 2023 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264595
6. Ziegler, P., Linzmaier, J., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Eckstein, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Wide Bandwidth Current Sensors and the Influence on the Switching Loss Characterization. In: 2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia). pp. 1181–1188 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10213817, abstract = {Due to their outstanding properties, wide bandgap semiconductor devices enable better performance and efficiency in power electronic circuits compared to silicon devices. However, characterizing the switching loss of such devices is even more challenging. The limits of measurement equipment, especially for the current measurement, are reached due to the fast rise and fall times. Ideal characterization requires a non-invasive, infinite bandwidth current sensor. This paper presents a galvanically isolated current sensor that combines magnetic field sensors and a printed circuit board integrated Rogowski coil. The insertion inductance of the hybrid current sensor is compared to a commercial coaxial shunt and a low inductance SMD shunt approach. The influence of the different current measurement devices on the switching loss characterization is investigated.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Linzmaier, Jan and Haarer, Jörg and Marx, Philipp and Eckstein, Mattea and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia)}, issn = {2150-6086}, month = {05}, pages = {1181-1188}, title = {Wide Bandwidth Current Sensors and the Influence on the Switching Loss Characterization}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213817}, year = 2023 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213817
7. Chu, A., Hermann, C.M., Silz, J., Pfau, J., Barón, K.M., Anantharajaiah, N., Schmidt, P., Hotfilter, T., Xie, X., Becker, J., Kallfass, I., Roth-Stielow, J., Stork, W.: LETSCOPE: Lifecycle Extensions Through Software-Defined Predictive Control of Power Electronics. In: IEEE (ed.) IEEE EUROCON 2023 - 20th International Conference on Smart Technologies. pp. 665–670 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10199076, abstract = {In the era of electric vehicles, the reliability of power electronics has become a crucial part as the industry evolves. Changes in electrical parameters caused by aging and degradation can lead to performance deterioration and eventually the total failure (end-of-life) of power electronic components, whereas the lifetime of power transistors depends to a large extent on the temperature fluctuations. Therefore, it is desired to extend the lifetime by minimizing the temperature swings without affecting the vehicle dynamics. In this paper, we propose the LETSCOPE (Lifecycle Extensions through Software-Defined Predictive Control of Power Electronics) framework for the lifetime extension with a neural-network-based intelligent management system. The driving behavior in the near future is estimated based on information fusion, which enables the predictive optimization of the temperature fluctuations. Besides, to perform real-time on-board management, an integrated SoC with hardware accelerator is developed for an efficient execution under resource constraints. Proof-of-concept experiments on a benchmark route show that the LETSCOPE framework can improve the expected lifetime of power electronics by up to 87% without vehicle dynamics degradation. Moreover, the monitoring of critical parameters provides an early warning of total failure, which contributes to the overall system reliability.}, author = {Chu, Anqi and Hermann, Chris Manuel and Silz, Johannes and Pfau, Johannes and Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Anantharajaiah, Nidhi and Schmidt, Patrick and Hotfilter, Tim and Xie, Xiang and Becker, Jürgen and Kallfass, Ingmar and Roth-Stielow, Jörg and Stork, Wilhelm}, booktitle = {IEEE EUROCON 2023 - 20th International Conference on Smart Technologies}, editor = {IEEE}, month = {07}, pages = {665-670}, title = {LETSCOPE: Lifecycle Extensions Through Software-Defined Predictive Control of Power Electronics}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10199076}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10199076
8. Haspel, A., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Multilevel Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Optimized Current Ripple Emulation of Three-Phase Machines. In: 2023 IEEE 8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (SPEC/COBEP). pp. 1–8 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10407850, abstract = {Power-hardware-in-the-loop emulators aim to emulate the behavior of a real electric machine during the operation with a device-under-test inverter. To reproduce the waveform of the machine's phase currents, including the current ripple within one switching period of the device-under-test inverter, the emulator has to provide a suitable countervoltage per phase. This paper shows that the required countervoltage per phase changes between seven steady oscillating voltage traces and proposes the design and control of a multilevel inverter with variable voltage levels that is able to apply the required voltage shape exactly. It further discusses how the number of required voltage traces and therefore the required power electronics system of the emulator can be significantly reduced by an optimized voltage control. The regarded system is designed to emulate the behavior of a 20 kW permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine.}, author = {Haspel, André and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (SPEC/COBEP)}, issn = {2832-2983}, month = {11}, pages = {1-8}, title = {Multilevel Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Optimized Current Ripple Emulation of Three-Phase Machines}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10407850}, year = 2023 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10407850
9. Chu, A., Xie, X., Hermann, C.M., Stork, W., Roth-Stielow, J.: Towards Predictive Lifetime-Oriented Temperature Control of Power Electronics in E-vehicles via Reinforcement Learning. In: IEEE (ed.) 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData). pp. 1667–1676 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10386292, abstract = {As the electric vehicle (EV) industry rapidly grows, the reliability of EVs is an ongoing challenge to the automotive industry. Among them, due to the introduction of electric motors, the aging and degradation of power electronics in EVs have a direct influence on the overall system safety and may lead to total failure. Therefore, extending the lifetime of power electronics has been a focus in the last decades, where reducing the temperature swings is the key to achieving the goal. However, temperature optimization usually requires future information on power loads, which is not available in classic approaches. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a baseline framework for lifetime-oriented temperature control with reinforcement learning (RL). Focusing on long-term prediction, the framework integrates various physical modelings of EV modules (sensors, actuators, vehicle dynamics and temperature management) and utilizes real-time route information to train an agent for driving behavior prediction. Based on further interaction with the EV model, future temperature development can be estimated in advance, thus enabling better swing optimization. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and the lifetime of power electronics can be extended by up to 63% on a representative test route. Compared to the classic approach, our predictive temperature control shows impressive energy efficiency by achieving up to 2.8x power loss reduction with better lifetime optimization.}, author = {Chu, Anqi and Xie, Xiang and Hermann, Chris Manuel and Stork, Wilhelm and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)}, editor = {IEEE}, language = {en}, month = {12}, pages = {1667-1676}, title = {Towards Predictive Lifetime-Oriented Temperature Control of Power Electronics in E-vehicles via Reinforcement Learning}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10386292}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10386292
10. Ketchedjian, V., Haspel, A., Hermann, C., Roth-Stielow, J.: A Novel Weight Function and Interpolation Method for the Field Weakening Strategy of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine. In: 2023 IEEE 8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (SPEC/COBEP). pp. 1–8 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10407299, abstract = {In this paper a new field weakening strategy is proposed for the torque control of a synchronous reluctance machine. The control strategy does not require any machine parameters. It uses an interpolation method between the MTPA-and MTPV-trajectories to move along a path, which is very similar to that of the constant torque contour lines. It also reduces the copper losses in the field weakening region. The strategy uses look-up tables for the trajectories determined from measurement results and does not require any additional cascade controller. Hence the stability and the dynamic of the current controller are not degraded. The control strategy is validated experimentally using an 11kW synchronous reluctance machine.}, author = {Ketchedjian, Vasken and Haspel, André and Hermann, Chris and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE 8th Southern Power Electronics Conference and 17th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (SPEC/COBEP)}, issn = {2832-2983}, month = {11}, pages = {1-8}, title = {A Novel Weight Function and Interpolation Method for the Field Weakening Strategy of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10407299}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10407299
11. Ketchedjian, V., Haspel, A., Schuster, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Modeling of the Drive Train and Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Midsize Multifunctional Vehicle. In: PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–10 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10173236, abstract = {This paper presents a modular design of the drive train of a hybrid midsize multifunctional vehicle. The model is mainly based on the loss calculation of the electrical components of the drive train, which is the focus of this paper. Moreover, the torque distribution over the wheels, the power flow through the electrical and electromechanical components, as well as the battery capacity, which are necessary for the design of the drive train, is also discussed. Finally, the different strategies, which are used for the energy management within the drive train and for the control of the converters, are introduced.}, author = {Ketchedjian, Vasken and Haspel, Andre and Schuster, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Joerg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {05}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Modeling of the Drive Train and Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Midsize Multifunctional Vehicle}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173236}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173236
12. Haspel, A., Ketchedjian, V., Kirschner, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Impacts of Cross-Saturation on Sensorless Control of Synchronous Machines using Alternating Signal Injection. In: PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–10 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10173451, abstract = {Signal injection is a well-known technique to identify the actual rotor position of an AC machine in lowspeed and standstill using the saliency of the machine. It enables a field-oriented control without a position sensor. This paper discusses the disturbing influence of magnetic cross-saturation on the estimated rotor position of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine and presents two possibilities to compensate the errors caused by this influence. Simulation models are used to demonstrate and analyze the position deviation caused by the saturation effects and to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed compensation methods. Several measurements on a machine testbench validate the simulation results.}, author = {Haspel, André and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Kirschner, Marcel and Roth-Stielow, Joerg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {05}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Impacts of Cross-Saturation on Sensorless Control of Synchronous Machines using Alternating Signal Injection}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173451}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173451
13. Marx, P., Terfurth, J., Koerber, S., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Integration of Power Electronics into the Stator of an Electrical Machine. In: VDE (ed.) PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–7 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10173392, abstract = {This paper presents a novel approach to radially integrate the power electronic device with its active cooling channel in a notch located in the stator-volume of an electrical machine. With the integrated power electronic device, the system power density in electrical machines can be increased. The approach identifies an area in the stator where the magnetic flux density is lower than in other areas. By removing the stator iron in this area, space to integrate the power electronics with its cooling channel is created. The dimensions of the notch are designed with simulations to ensure that the magnetic flux density in the adjoining area is not raised above a certain limit. Two different designs to form the notch with its cooling channel in single stator teeth are designed and set up. With measurements feasibility of this concept is proofed.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Terfurth, Jonathan and Koerber, Sebastian and Ziegler, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Joerg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2023; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, editor = {VDE}, eventdate = {09-11 May 2023}, month = {05}, pages = {1-7}, title = {Integration of Power Electronics into the Stator of an Electrical Machine}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173392}, year = 2023 }
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  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173392
14. Haarer, J., Lomberg, N., Ziegler, P., Marx, P., Haspel, A., Roth-Stielow, J.: A Novel Approach for a Distributed TCM Modulator. In: IEEE (ed.) 2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia). pp. 1973–1979 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10213873, abstract = {Wide-band-gap semiconductor devices, higher switching frequencies enabled by zero-voltage switching techniques and higher integration, currently drive resource and cost savings in power electronics. The potential of integrated power stages, combining power transistor, gate driver, measurement and protection circuits, modulator and controller has been demonstrated for topologies with one switch. However, for topologies with more switches the integration of modulator and controller is problematic, as they are traditionally regarded as an atomic unit connected to all power transistors via potential barriers. This precludes the direct integration of modulator and controller. This paper presents a novel distributed triangular current mode modulator. It exploits the fact that all information, needed to generate the switching commands can be determined from state variables measured directly at the individual power transistors. Thus, modulator and controller can be integrated in universally applicable power stages, which allow high switching frequencies and soft switching.}, author = {Haarer, Jörg and Lomberg, Nicolas and Ziegler, Philipp and Marx, Philipp and Haspel, André and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2023 - ECCE Asia)}, editor = {IEEE}, issn = {2150-6086}, language = {en}, month = {05}, pages = {1973-1979}, title = {A Novel Approach for a Distributed TCM Modulator}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213873}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10213873
15. Ketchedjian, V., Haspel, A., Marx, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Methods to Reduce the Errors in the d- and q-Inductance Estimation of a SynRM by Considering the Residual Magnetism. In: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′23 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10264405, abstract = {When the current dependent direct and quadrature inductances of a synchronous reluctance machine are calculated using measurement results, the estimated inductance values can drastically deviate from the actual ones for small current values. This paper presents an investigation of these deviations and introduces two methods to minimize the estimation errors, which consider the effects of the residual magnetism. Experimental results are also presented for a 12 kW reluctance machine.}, author = {Ketchedjian, Vasken and Haspel, André and Marx, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23 ECCE Europe)}, language = {en}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {Methods to Reduce the Errors in the d- and q-Inductance Estimation of a SynRM by Considering the Residual Magnetism}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264405}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264405
16. Haspel, A., Ketchedjian, V., Marx, P., Eckstein, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Composition of the Countervoltage for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulators for Three-Phase Machines. In: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′23 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–10 (2023).
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  @inproceedings{10264532, abstract = {To emulate the reaction of an electrical machine interacting with a device-under-test inverter, a power-hardware-in-the-loop emulator has to provide a suitable countervoltage per phase. For the correct emulation of the dynamic electrical behavior of the machine, especially the current ripple, the countervoltage has to include a steady oscillating component and a stepwise changing component. This paper introduces a novel approach to determine the analytically ideal shape of the countervoltage for the emulation of three-phase machines and provides a simulative validation. As example, a synchronous machine operated with a two-level voltage source inverter is regarded. It is shown that the relation between the machine’s direct and quadrature inductances as well as the coupling between the device-under-test inverter and the emulator have a significant influence on the shape of the countervoltage.}, author = {Haspel, André and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Marx, Philipp and Eckstein, Mattea and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Composition of the Countervoltage for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulators for Three-Phase Machines}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264532}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10264532
17. Ziegler, P., Zhao, Y., Haarer, J., Ruthardt, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Compact Design of a Wide Bandwidth High Current Sensor Using Tilted Magnetic Field Sensors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1–10 (2023).
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  @article{10223415, abstract = {Magnetic field-based current sensors are widely used due to their galvanically insulated measurement principle. A well-proven concept is based on the discrete realization of Ampèere's law using a circular array of magnetic field sensors. Depending on the linear operating range of the magnetic field sensors, the radius of the circular array has to be chosen, leading to large dimensions for high current values. This paper presents a novel approach to build a compact wide bandwidth current sensor based on the combination of tilted tunnel-magnetoresistance sensors and a Rogowski coil. The used tunnel-magnetoresistance sensors are characterized and show an increased linear range in the current sensor application if they are tilted. In addition, the sensor sensitivity is varied with the tilt angle. A novel current sensor concept based on tilting in combination with repositioning the magnetic field sensors is presented. This concept offers the opportunity to reduce the size of state-of-the-art current sensors based on magnetic field sensors significantly. The proposed concept is verified in a current sensor prototype. The DC current linearity, the dynamic behavior as well as the signal-to-noise ratio is characterized. Ideas how this concept can be used and further developed are presented.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Zhao, Yiru and Haarer, Jörg and Ruthardt, Johannes and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, issn = {1939-9367}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Compact Design of a Wide Bandwidth High Current Sensor Using Tilted Magnetic Field Sensors}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10223415}, year = 2023 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10223415
2022
1. Ziegler, P., Bura, M., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Hirning, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Optimization Approaches for the Signal Processing of Hybrid Current Sensors. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia). pp. 506–513 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9807001, abstract = {Hybrid current sensors are suitable devices for wide bandwidth current measurement. They combine two different measurement circuits, one for DC and low-frequency current measurement and another for high frequency current measurement. This combines the advantages of different measurement principles in one current sensor. The output signal of the hybrid current sensor is generated through a superposition of the low-frequency and high-frequency current sensor. This is realized using analog signal processing by means of an analog operational amplifier circuit. The challenge is to superpose the frequency responses of the different measurement circuits achieving a constant gain in the transition area. This paper focuses on the analog signal processing and its optimization. Based on a state-of-the-art realization, two possible optimization approaches of the signal processing are presented to increase the bandwidth. These optimization approaches are investigated in a simulation model and verified by frequency response measurements of a hybrid current sensor based on tunneling magnetoresistance sensors and a Rogowski coil.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Bura, Michael and Haarer, Jörg and Marx, Philipp and Hirning, David and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia)}, editor = {IEEE}, month = {05}, pages = {506-513}, title = {Optimization Approaches for the Signal Processing of Hybrid Current Sensors}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9807001}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9807001
2. Marx, P., Lomberg, N., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Regelsystem zur Einstellung des optimalen Schaltzeitpunktes bei Schaltflankensynchronisation. Proceedings EMV Kongress 2022. 77–84 (2022).
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  @article{https://doi.org/10.15488/12562, abstract = {Durch den vermehrten Einsatz von neuartigen schnellschaltenden Leistungstransistoren auf Basis von Halbleitermaterialien mit großer Bandlücke und der Miniaturisierung von leistungselektronischen Schaltungen werden Probleme, verursacht durch EMV-Störungen, immer größer. Herkömmlich werden hierfür EMV-Filter eingesetzt, welche jedoch in ihrer Größe und ihres Gewichts steigen. Deshalb wird versucht, diese herkömmlichen EMV-Filter zu vermeiden. Eine Möglichkeit dabei ist der Einsatz von aktiven EMV-Filtern. Hierbei werden dem Störsignal entgegengesetzte Signale erzeugt und so aufgeschaltet, dass sie das Störsignal vermindern [1– 3]. Eine weitere Möglichkeit die Störsignale zu vermindern ist die Synchronisation entgegengesetzter Schaltflanken [4–10]. Hierbei werden jeweils eine steigende und fallende Schaltflanke miteinander synchronisiert, sodass sich die erzeugten Gleichtaktstörungen gegenseitig kompensieren. Entscheidend für die Kompensation sind gleich große Schaltgeschwindigkeiten, ein symmetrischer Ausbreitungsweg der Störungen und möglichst gleichzeitig auftretende Schaltzeitpunkte. Durch Laufzeitunterschiede im Gatepfad, wie beispielsweise die des Gatetreibers, treten die Schaltzeitpunkte zweier Transistoren trotz gleichzeitigem Schaltbefehl aus dem Ansteuersystem nicht gleichzeitig auf. Diese Unterschiede sollen im Regelsystem dieses Beitrages automatisch kompensiert werden und die Schaltbefehle so aufbereitet werden, dass die Schaltzeitpunkte gleichzeitig auftreten. Für ein Regelsystem sind im allgemeinen folgende Komponenten nötig. Zunächst muss eine Größe erfasst werden, welche den Zustand des Systems beschreibt. Mit dieser Größe muss es möglich sein, eine ausreichend große Abhängigkeit der Störungen vom Schaltzeitpunkt zu messen. Anhand dieser Messgröße kann ein Regelalgorithmus den optimalen Schaltzeitpunkt, welcher über ein geeignetes Stellglied einstellbar sein muss, bestimmen. [11] beschreibt ein solches Regelsystem, welches die Schaltflanken aufeinander abstimmt. Dieser Beitrag unterscheidet sich jedoch deutlich in der Erfassung und Bewertung des Systemzustandes. Weiterhin wird in [11] eine Einstellung des Schaltzeitpunktes in deutlich gröberen Zeitschritten vorgestellt. Die Schrittweite der einzelnen Schaltzeitpunkte ist in [11] durch die Modulation bedingt im Bereich mehrerer Nanosekunden. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert ein Regelverfahren zur Einstellung eines optimierten Schaltzeitpunktes mit einer Auflösung von 100 ps. }, author = {Marx, Phlipp and Lomberg, Nicolas and Ziegler, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, copyright = {CC BY 3.0 DE}, editor = {Garbe, H.}, journal = {Proceedings EMV Kongress 2022}, language = {de}, month = {07}, pages = {77-84}, publisher = {Aachen : Apprimus}, title = {Regelsystem zur Einstellung des optimalen Schaltzeitpunktes bei Schaltflankensynchronisation}, url = {https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/12662}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/12662
3. Hirning, D., Bauer, L., Ruthardt, J., Haarer, J., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Online Junction Temperature Measurement of SiC-MOSFETs via Gate Impedance Using the Gate-Signal Injection Method. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′22 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9907316, abstract = {This paper presents a method for junction temperature monitoring of SiC-MOSFETs based on a high-frequency gate-signal injection. The signal is injected during steady state (e.g. off-state) resulting in a current response, which depends on the temperature dependent gate impedance. The external gate resistor is used as a current shunt to capture the current response. The resulting signal contains the junction temperature information due to the temperature dependency of the gate impedance. This paper focuses on a sinusoidal approach to overcome the challenges due to the temperature dependent parasitic capacitance of the gate circuit. Measurements show the proof of concept, however, there are still challenges to face.}, author = {Hirning, David and Bauer, Luca and Ruthardt, Johannes and Haarer, Jörg and Ziegler, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)}, editor = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-9-0758-1539-9}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {Online Junction Temperature Measurement of SiC-MOSFETs via Gate Impedance Using the Gate-Signal Injection Method}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9907316}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9907316
4. Marx, P., Seybold, F., Ziegler, P., Hirning, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Investigations on the Active Reduction of Common Mode Noise with Opposing Noise Sources. In: 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′22 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9. IEEE (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9907509, abstract = {Conventional filters needed for the electromagnetic compatibility lower the system power density by consuming additional space in power electronic setups. To increase the power density, alternatives for these filters are needed. If the power electronic setup offers the possibility to synchronize two opposing switching transitions, the common mode noise can be reduced without additional filters. In this case two opposing noise currents reduce one another by superimposition. For power electronic setups which do not offer the possibility to synchronize switching transitions, this paper presents an approach which uses additional half bridges as opposing noise sources connected to a replicated grounding impedance to create the opposing common mode noise. The main goal of the opposing noise source is to create similar potential changes as the power electronic setup over the replicated grounding impedance. The replicated grounding impedance emulates the grounding impedance of an ohmic inductive load with discrete elements. The achieved reduction of the common mode noise with this approach is evaluated with measurements.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Seybold, Felix and Ziegler, Philipp and Hirning, David and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)}, isbn = {978-9-0758-1539-9}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Investigations on the Active Reduction of Common Mode Noise with Opposing Noise Sources}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9907509}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9907509
5. Marx, P., Assenheimer, J., Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Reduction of Common Mode Disturbances in Parallel Modules of Integrated Modular Motor Drives. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia). pp. 595–600 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9806860, abstract = {Decreasing switching transition times and miniaturizing power electronic designs lead to higher electromagnetic disturbances. By synchronizing opposed switching transitions, common mode disturbances can be reduced without additional filters. This paper presents an approach to synchronize the switching transitions in parallel modules of integrated modular motor drives. Based on examinations on the parasitic impedances, switching transitions are synchronized in a proper way to ensure best results. Furthermore, the timing of the switching commands is adjusted to compensate differences in the propagation delay. The approach is validated by measurements on a test setup.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Assenheimer, Jan and Ziegler, Philipp and Haarer, Jörg and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia)}, editor = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-4-8868-6425-3}, month = {05}, pages = {595-600}, title = {Reduction of Common Mode Disturbances in Parallel Modules of Integrated Modular Motor Drives}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9806860}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9806860
6. Weimer, J., Koch, D., Nitzsche, M., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J., Kallfass, I.: Miniaturization and Thermal Design of a 170 W AC/DC Battery Charger Utilizing GaN Power Devices. IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics. 3, 13–25 (2022).
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  @article{9658121, abstract = {This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-density two-stage battery charger for mid-power applications like small electric vehicles and high-performance laptops utilizing gallium nitride (GaN) power devices. In addition to adherence of maximum junction temperatures, a thermal analysis is carried out for in-housing operation, which is particularly critical for fanless wall chargers. Design measures include calorimetric semiconductor selection, half-bridge miniaturization, thermally conductive epoxy resin and reference-based convection modeling for thermally optimized component placement using 3D-stacking. Furthermore, the remaining optimization potential of the charger is estimated by virtual prototyping. A 170 W hardware prototype is developed and tested, achieving a two-stage power section efficiency of 95.4% with a maximum switching frequency of 550 kHz. This results in a power density in open-housing operation of 1.6 kW/dm<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Using epoxy resin, copper and graphite heat spreaders, an in-housing operation power density of 1.1 kW/dm<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is achieved with minor reduction of output power due to surface temperature constraints.}, author = {Weimer, Julian and Koch, Dominik and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Haarer, Jörg and Roth-Stielow, Jörg and Kallfass, Ingmar}, issn = {2644-1314}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics}, pages = {13-25}, title = {Miniaturization and Thermal Design of a 170 W AC/DC Battery Charger Utilizing GaN Power Devices}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9658121}, volume = 3, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9658121
7. Ziegler, P., Festerling, T., Haarer, J., Marx, P., Hirning, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Influences of Parasitic Capacitances in Wide Bandwidth Rogowski Coils for Commutation Current Measurement. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′22 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–10 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9907377, abstract = {This paper focuses on the capacitive coupling of PCB integrated Rogowski coils for commutation current measurement. It investigates the cause and the influence of parasitic capacitances on the measurement signal. It discusses the advantages of a differential winding arrangement and the reasons why shielding is not an option in this application. The parasitic capacitance of three different winding arrangements are measured and compared to a Rogowski coil approach with minimized parasitic capacitance. On the base of sensor prototypes, the influence on the measurement is investigated in a pulsed current source.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Festerling, Tobias and Haarer, Jorg and Marx, Philipp and Hirning, David and Roth-Stielow, Jorg}, booktitle = {2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)}, editor = {IEEE}, isbn = {978-9-0758-1539-9}, month = {09}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Influences of Parasitic Capacitances in Wide Bandwidth Rogowski Coils for Commutation Current Measurement}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9907377}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9907377
8. Haarer, J., Eckstein, M., Ziegler, P., Marx, P., Hirning, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: A Calorimetric and Electrical Method for Measuring Loss Energies of Half-Bridges. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′22 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9907102, abstract = {For the optimal design of power electronic systems the exact knowledge about the different loss mechanisms of the used semiconductor devices is essential. However, conventional measurement methods based on electrical parameters are facing their limits, as switching speed of modern power devices is steadily increasing enabled by the use of wide bandgap semiconductor materials. For this reason, calorimetric measurement techniques are becoming more and more popular. However, due to the nature of their principle, calorimetric measurement methodologies can usually only determine the total power losses of the device under test. To overcome this disadvantage a methology which combines different calorimetric and electrical measurements to separately determine the switching and conduction energies in a half-bridge with an ohmic-inductive load while maintaining the accuracy of calorimetric measurement methods is developed. In addition, the presented methodology identifies the switching energies of the two different switching transitions within one switching period, depending on the load current as well as the dead time, considering thermal influences. A hardware setup for the presented methology, is realized. Using this test setup, the loss energies of a half-bridge based on silicon carbide MOSFETs are investigated. The resulting measurements are presented and verified by measurements with a power analyzer.}, author = {Haarer, Jörg and Eckstein, Mattea and Ziegler, Philipp and Marx, Philipp and Hirning, David and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE Europe)}, editor = {IEEE}, language = {en}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {A Calorimetric and Electrical Method for Measuring Loss Energies of Half-Bridges}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9907102}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9907102
9. Ketchedjian, V., Haspel, A., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: An Open-Loop Control for the Determination of the MTPV-Trajectory of a SynRM. In: IEEE (ed.) 2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia). pp. 2714–2720 (2022).
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  @inproceedings{9806916, abstract = {In this paper an open-loop control for the measurement of the maximum torque per volt (MTPV)-trajectory for a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) is proposed. This method requires a minimum number of measurement parameter to determine the MTPV-trajectory without any previous knowledge of the inductances and its saturation effects. The proposed method is an open-loop control which is based on the same principle of measurement as the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA)-trajectory and can be easily implemented on a test bench. The functionality of the open-loop control is first tested using the simulation tool Matlab-Simulink. Then the open-loop control is implemented on an existing test bench to verify its functionality experimentally and compare the obtained simulation results with the measurement results.}, author = {Ketchedjian, Vasken and Haspel, André and Haarer, Jörg and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2022 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Himeji 2022- ECCE Asia)}, editor = {IEEE}, month = {05}, pages = {2714-2720}, title = {An Open-Loop Control for the Determination of the MTPV-Trajectory of a SynRM}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9806916}, year = 2022 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9806916
2021
1. Koch, D., Bantle, H., Acuna, J., Ziegler, P., Kallfass, I.: Design Methodology for Ultra-Compact Rogowski Coils for Current Sensing in Low-Voltage High-Current GaN Based DC/DC-Converters. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). p. P (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9570596, abstract = {This paper presents a design methodology, verified by measurements, of a differential Rogowski coil based compact, high bandwidth (> 500 MHz) PCB embedded current sensor for minimal invasive sensing (insertion inductance ≈ 200 pH) of transistor and phase currents in 48 V mild-hybrid Gallium Nitride based DC/DC-converters with paralleled transistors for high output currents. Two different sensor concepts with and without a planar shield are described and investigated. More than 30 designs with different winding number, structure and pitch are analyzed in 3D-finite element simulations. Finally, a standalone Rogowski-coil sensor for transistor current and a combination of a magnetoresistance sensor and a Rogowski-coil for phase output current measurements are presented.}, author = {Koch, Dominik and Bantle, Hannes and Acuna, Javier and Ziegler, Philipp and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, isbn = {978-9-0758-1537-5}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Design Methodology for Ultra-Compact Rogowski Coils for Current Sensing in Low-Voltage High-Current GaN Based DC/DC-Converters}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570596}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570596
2. Weimer, J., Koch, D., Nitzsche, M., Haarer, J., Kallfass, I.: Thermal Topology Optimization for High Power Density Power Electronic Systems in Passively Cooled Housings. In: 2021 IEEE Design Methodologies Conference (DMC). pp. 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529942.
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  @inproceedings{9529942, author = {Weimer, Julian and Koch, Dominik and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Haarer, Jörg and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Design Methodologies Conference (DMC)}, doi = {10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529942}, month = {07}, pages = {1-6}, title = {Thermal Topology Optimization for High Power Density Power Electronic Systems in Passively Cooled Housings}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529942}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529942
3. Ketchedjian, V., Fischer, M., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Two Torque Control Algorithms of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive for the Entire Operating Speed Range. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). p. P (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9570426, abstract = {In this paper, two new algorithms for the torque control of a synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) are proposed. The control system is set for the entire operating speed range, whereas the transition from the base speed range into the field weakening region will be the main focus of this paper. The switching strategies in the transitions phase of the two methods are also discussed using different conditions. These control strategies are evaluated using Matlab Simulink as a simulation tool followed by measurement results on an existing test bench.}, author = {Ketchedjian, Vasken and Fischer, Manuel and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Two Torque Control Algorithms of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive for the Entire Operating Speed Range}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570426}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570426
4. Barón, K.M., Sharma, K., Nitzsche, M., Kallfass, I.: Online Monitoring of Degradation Sensitive Electrical Parameters in Inverter Operation for SiC-MOSFETs. In: 2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). pp. 1235–1241 (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9487142, abstract = {A measurement setup for health and wear-out monitoring via electrical parameters is implemented in a test bench to allow online parameter observation during inverter operation for silicon carbide MOSFETs. A variety of electrical parameters are known to change during operation and over the lifetime of power semiconductor devices and can be an indicator of impending end of life. The observed parameters in this work are drain-source voltage as an indicator of bond-wire fatigue, gate current, indicating degradation in the gate oxide and threshold voltage, which is known to drift in silicon carbide power devices. Due to the isolated measurement design, high-side acquisition of electrical parameters is possible as well. Measurements in a buck-converter configuration are carried out, showing high stability in the output of the implemented acquisition circuits with an update rate of 200 samples per second. This approach has a strong significance in the development of novel power cycling test stands which combine switching losses with conduction losses.}, author = {Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Sharma, Kanuj and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)}, issn = {2470-6647}, month = {06}, pages = {1235-1241}, title = {Online Monitoring of Degradation Sensitive Electrical Parameters in Inverter Operation for SiC-MOSFETs}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487142}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42165.2021.9487142
5. Ruthardt, J., Hirning, D., Sharma, K., Nitzsche, M., Ziegler, P., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Investigations on Online Junction Temperature Measurement for SiC-MOSFETs Using the Gate-Signal Injection Method. In: 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 5354–5359 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595166.
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  @inproceedings{9595166, abstract = {This paper presents investigations on the suitability of using the gate-signal injection method for junction temperature measurement of SiC-MOSFETs. The method is based on the temperature sensitivity of the internal gate resistance. A high frequency signal is injected into the gate circuit while the MOSFET is operating. The response of the injected signal is a high frequency current, which depends on the temperature sensitive gate circuit’s impedance. This current causes a voltage drop across the external gate resistor. This voltage depends on the junction temperature and is evaluated. This method was successfully implemented on Si-IGBTs in the past. However, there are challenges to face in implementing this method on SiC-MOSFETs. This paper shows the challenges and proposes solutions to overcome them.}, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Hirning, David and Sharma, Kanuj and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Ziegler, Philipp and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, doi = {10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595166}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {5354-5359}, title = {Investigations on Online Junction Temperature Measurement for SiC-MOSFETs Using the Gate-Signal Injection Method}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595166}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595166
6. Ruthardt, J., Klinkhammer, A., Marx, P., Ziegler, P., Nitzsche, M., Sharma, K., Roth-Stielow, J.: Lifetime Extension of Power Semiconductor Devices by Closed-Loop Junction Temperature Control. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–10 (2021).
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  @inproceedings{ruthardt2021lifetime, abstract = {The lifetime of power semiconductor devices is mainly affected by the thermal stress they are exposed to. Especially temperature swings damage these devices due to different coefficients of thermal expansion of the material layers inside the device. This leads to mechanical strain between these layers. This paper proposes a closed loop junction temperature control system, which is able to reduce occurring temperature swings in order to reduce the damage and to extend the expected lifetime. An online junction temperature measurement is required in order to obtain information about the real-time temperature. This is realized by measuring the temperature sensitive on-resistance of the used MOSFET. Then, the junction temperature is estimated with a calibration curve. Another requirement is the possibility to influence the junction temperature during operation. Therefore, the switching frequency is varied to affect the switching losses. This influences the junction temperature. In addition, a set-value generator is presented, which generates suitable set values to reduce temperature swings.}, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Klinkhammer, Arvid and Marx, Philipp and Ziegler, Philipp and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Sharma, Kanuj and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, isbn = {978-9-0758-1537-5}, month = {09}, pages = {1-10}, title = {Lifetime Extension of Power Semiconductor Devices by Closed-Loop Junction Temperature Control}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570681}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570681
7. Nitzsche, M., Ziegler, P., Michelberger, A., Barón, K.M., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Dynamic Thermal Design of an Active Power Cycling Test Bench for SiC MOSFETs. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–7 (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9570564, abstract = {This paper presents an active power cycling approach whereby the inputs and outputs of two three-phase inverters are coupled in order to achieve circular energy flow. Focus is put on the thermal design of the test setup which concentrates on achieving short thermal cycles and high temperature dynamic for accelerated lifetime tests of SiC MOSFETs. These goals are achieved by the application of custom 3D-printed aluminum heat sinks and by using non-constant flow of the cooling medium.}, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Ziegler, Philipp and Michelberger, Andre and Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-7}, title = {Dynamic Thermal Design of an Active Power Cycling Test Bench for SiC MOSFETs}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570564}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570564
8. Ziegler, P., Zhao, Y., Haarer, J., Ruthardt, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Compact Design of a Wide Bandwidth High Current Sensor Using Tilted Magnetic Field Sensors. In: 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 5528–5534 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595039.
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  @inproceedings{9595039, abstract = {Magnetic field-based current sensors are widely used due to their galvanically isolated measurement principle. A well-proved concept is based on the discrete realization of the Ampère´s law using a circular array of magnetic field sensors. Depending on the linear operating range of the magnetic field sensors the radius of the circular array has to be chosen, leading to large dimensions for high current values. This paper presents a novel approach to build a compact wide bandwidth current sensor based on the combination of tilted tunnel-magnetoresistance sensors and a Rogowski coil. The used tunnel-magnetoresistance sensors are characterized and show an increased linear range in the a current sensor application if they are tilted. In addition, the sensor sensitivity is varied with the tilt angel. A novel current sensor concept based on tilting in combination with repositioning the magnetic field sensors is presented. This concept offers the opportunity to reduce the size of state-of-the-art current sensors based on magnetic field sensors significantly. The proposed concept is verified in a current sensor prototype and the DC current linearity, the dynamic behavior as well as the signal-to-noise ratio is characterized.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Zhao, Yiru and Haarer, Jörg and Ruthardt, Johannes and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, doi = {10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595039}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {5528-5534}, title = {Compact Design of a Wide Bandwidth High Current Sensor Using Tilted Magnetic Field Sensors}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595039}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595039
9. Muñoz Barón, K., Sharma, K., Nitzsche, M., Kallfass, I.: Online Health Monitoring in Power Modules for Inverter Topologies using Isolated Parameter Acquisition. In: 2021 IEEE Design Methodologies Conference (DMC). pp. 1–6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529946.
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  @inproceedings{9529946, abstract = {This work presents a versatile acquisition method and hardware to the simultaneous measurement of several electrical parameters in power transistors employed in switched-mode converters. The setup takes into account that the reference potentials vary drastically and dynamically in bridge inverter circuits, depending on the switching state. Accurate acquisition of several electrical parameters of the device, such as the threshold voltage and the on-state resistance, is employed online by converting the measurements from analog to their corresponding digital values close to the transistors. The implementation of a differential transmission based on a 10Mbps asynchronous protocol and a bus system ensures a robust and performant relaying of the measurement data. Measurement results show that the proposed setup is capable of updating a supervisory system of new parameter values efficiently within one PWM cycle to allow an online adjustment and intervention in case of abnormalities. Furthermore, an example AC power cycling test shows how the quasi threshold voltage and on-state voltage varies within one cycle of 5s. Both show an expected change according to their temperature sensitivity in literature.}, author = {Muñoz Barón, Kevin and Sharma, Kanuj and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Design Methodologies Conference (DMC)}, doi = {10.1109/DMC51747.2021.9529946}, month = {07}, pages = {1-6}, title = {Online Health Monitoring in Power Modules for Inverter Topologies using Isolated Parameter Acquisition}, year = 2021 }
10. Ziegler, P., Stjepandic, F., Ruthardt, J., Marx, P., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor for Characterization of High Current Power Semiconductor Modules. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9570438, abstract = {This paper presents a current sensor for commutation current measurement of high current power semiconductor modules with a bandwidth from DC up to 240 MHz. It is integrated in the commutation path with a coaxial housing generating a specified measurement point adding a low insertion inductance of 1.8 nH. It consists of tunnel-magnetoresistance sensors for low frequency current measurement and a PCB integrated Rogowski coil for high frequency current measurement. The measurement techniques are combined using the HOKA principle. The DC current linearity, the dynamic behavior as well as the signal-to-noise ratio of the current sensor is characterized.}, author = {Ziegler, Philipp and Stjepandic, Franjo and Ruthardt, Johannes and Marx, Philipp and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor for Characterization of High Current Power Semiconductor Modules}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570438}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570438
11. Marx, P., Assenheimer, J., Ruthardt, J., Ziegler, P., Nitzsche, M., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Common Mode Voltage Cancellation in Integrated Modular Motor Drives. In: 2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′21 ECCE Europe). p. P (2021).
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  @inproceedings{9570411, abstract = {Increasing switching transition slopes and miniaturizing of power electronic set-ups lead to more problems due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This paper presents a concept to suppress the electromagnetic disturbances in modular electrical drives without using common mode filters. The usage of full bridge converters enables the synchronization of the switching transitions to suppress the emitted common mode disturbances of every single module. To evaluate the concept, the parasitic paths of a single module are investigated. With consideration of the parasitic paths, an accurate EMI model is built which identifies improvements for the cancellation concept in future applications. Finally, the concept and the simulation model are verified by measurements.}, author = {Marx, Philipp and Assenheimer, Jan and Ruthardt, Johannes and Ziegler, Philipp and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 23rd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'21 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Common Mode Voltage Cancellation in Integrated Modular Motor Drives}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570411}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9570411
12. Nitzsche, M., Haarer, J., Weimer, J., Koch, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Influence Analysis of Thermally Conductive Epoxy Resin on the Electrical Design of a Compact AC/DC Converter. In: 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 5677–5683 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9594931.
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  @inproceedings{9594931, abstract = {The design of a compact AC/DC converter for a wide output voltage range imposes stringent challenges regarding electrical and thermal performance. To match these requirements this paper presents the design approach and measurements of a Totem-Pole Power Factor Correction (PFC) and a resonant LLC converter stage, optimized for a maximum average efficiency over a wide operating range. The work deals with the design process itself, which is subdivided into the derivation of the necessary efficiency due to the thermal and geometrical boundary conditions. Further it details the influence of the high packing density and the thermal management on the electrical behavior. A thermally conductive epoxy resin which is designed to meet increasing demands for efficient thermal dissipation has significant unintentional influence on the electrical behavior of the LLC resonant circuit. The root causes are analyzed and verified by measurements.}, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Haarer, Jörg and Weimer, Julian and Koch, Dominik and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, doi = {10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9594931}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {5677-5683}, title = {Influence Analysis of Thermally Conductive Epoxy Resin on the Electrical Design of a Compact AC/DC Converter}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9594931}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9594931
13. Fischer, M., Hu, Y., Ruthardt, J., Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comparison of an Interleaved Multi-Branch Inverter and a Four-Level Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Emulation of Three-Phase Machines. In: 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). pp. 2570–2575 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595668.
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  @inproceedings{9595668, abstract = {Power-hardware-in-the-loop emulation of electrical machines is a useful tool to simplify the development and testing process of traction inverters and their control systems at different operating conditions. This requires two fundamental components: a real-time operating machine model and an applicable power electronic device, which adjusts the same currents and voltages as the surveyed machine would. This paper compares two different power electronic topologies regarding their suitability for emulation of three-phase machines. The surveyed topologies are on the one hand a multi-branch interleaved-switched inverter, which is a state-of-the-art solution and also used in commercial machine emulators. On the other hand, a four-level inverter topology with variable voltage levels is analyzed, which is custom-built for the purpose of emulating three-phase machines. Within this paper the setup of both topologies as well as the comparative analysis by measurement results are presented.}, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Hu, Yang and Ruthardt, Johannes and Ziegler, Philipp and Haarer, Jörg and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)}, doi = {10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595668}, issn = {2329-3748}, month = {10}, pages = {2570-2575}, title = {Comparison of an Interleaved Multi-Branch Inverter and a Four-Level Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Emulation of Three-Phase Machines}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595668}, year = 2021 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9595668
2020
1. Ziegler, P., Tröster, N., Schmidt, D., Ruthardt, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor for Commutation Current Measurement in Fast Switching Power Electronics. In: 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′20 ECCE Europe). p. P (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9215686, abstract = {This paper presents a current sensor for commutation current measurement with a bandwidth from DC up to 315 MHz. The sensor is inserted in the commutation loop by a coaxial housing with a low insertion inductance of about 1.2 nH. The sensor is based on the HOKA principle using tunnel magnetoresistance sensors and a Rogowski-coil for low and high frequency current measurement respectively. The current sensor is tested in a half-bridge configuration equipped with gallium nitride transistors and compared to two state-of-the-art current sensors.}, author = {{Ziegler}, P. and {Tröster}, N. and {Schmidt}, D. and {Ruthardt}, J. and {Fischer}, M. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor for Commutation Current Measurement in Fast Switching Power Electronics}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215686}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215686
2. Wölfle, J., Nitzsche, M., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Junction Temperature Control System to Increase the Lifetime of IGBT-Power-Modules in Synchronous Motor Drives Without Affecting Torque and Speed. IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics. 1, 273–283 (2020).
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  @article{9159892, abstract = {Load changes of electrical machines driven by inverters cause temperature swings of the semiconductor devices in IGBT modules of the inverters. These temperature swings lead to mechanical strain in the different material layers of the IGBT-power-modules and limit the numbers of cycles to failure and therefore reduce the lifetime of the IGBTs. This paper presents a temperature control system which is paralleled to the standard torque control system. It aims to reduce the magnitude of temperature swings of the semiconductor devices of IGBT modules caused by load changes of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine. The principle method is, to increase the temperature of the semiconductor devices of the IGBT-modules by creating higher power losses during low load conditions of the machine without affecting torque and speed. This reduces the magnitude of the load induced temperature swings of the semiconductor devices of IGBT-modules and increases its lifetime at the cost of increased power losses. Three variables have been identified that influence the power losses in inverter modules without necessarily affecting the output power of the permanent synchronous machine. These variables are switching frequency of the inverter, length of the clamping area when a discontinuous modulation is applied and the reactive component of the inverter current. The influence of each variable which regards to the losses in the IGBT-power-modules is explained and the related control methodology is described. The analytic results are verified by experimental results obtained from a test set up.}, author = {{Wölfle}, J. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Ruthardt}, J. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, issn = {2644-1314}, journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics}, pages = {273-283}, title = {Junction Temperature Control System to Increase the Lifetime of IGBT-Power-Modules in Synchronous Motor Drives Without Affecting Torque and Speed}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9159892}, volume = 1, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9159892
3. Ruthardt, J., Schulte, H., Ziegler, P., Fischer, M., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Junction Temperature Control Strategy for Lifetime Extension of Power Semiconductor Devices. In: 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′20 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–9 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9215718, abstract = {The lifetime of power semiconductor devices mainly depends on their thermal stress. In particular, temperature swings cause damage due to different coefficients of thermal expansion of the different materials, which are used in power semiconductor devices. These temperature swings occur when the environmental temperature or the load conditions and with them the power losses change. Junction temperature controllers are able to extend the expected lifetime by reducing the occurring temperature swings. This paper proposes two control strategies to calculate a suitable set value for junction temperature controllers, which leads to a smoother temperature course with fewer swings. Both strategies do not affect the normal operation by for example limiting the output parameters. They affect the efficiency of the power electronic circuit to influence the power losses and thermal conditions.}, author = {{Ruthardt}, J. and {Schulte}, H. and {Ziegler}, P. and {Fischer}, M. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-9}, title = {Junction Temperature Control Strategy for Lifetime Extension of Power Semiconductor Devices}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215718}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215718
4. Ruthardt, J., Sharma, K., Schmid, T., Nitzsche, M., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Online Junction Temperature Measurement of Power Semiconductor Devices. In: PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–5 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9178170, abstract = {Monitoring the junction temperature of power electronic devices enables over-temperature protection, health monitoring, online lifetime estimation or junction temperature control to extend the expected lifetime. A method for online junction temperature estimation in power semiconductor devices based on the temperature sensitive reverse-recovery behavior of pin-diodes is presented in this paper. Since the reverse-recovery time of diodes is a function of their junction temperature, it can be used for junction temperature measurement. Therefore, a simple measurement circuit is developed to determine the duration between the start of the load current commutation and the instant of time when the diode is in blocking mode. This duration, which is related to the reverse-recovery-time, is defined as the quasi-reverse-recovery time.}, author = {{Ruthardt}, J. and {Sharma}, K. and {Schmid}, T. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Ziegler}, P. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {07}, pages = {1-5}, title = {Online Junction Temperature Measurement of Power Semiconductor Devices}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178170}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178170
5. Ruthardt, J., Schnabel, L., Ziegler, P., Marx, P., Sharma, K., Fischer, M., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Closed Loop Junction Temperature Control of Power Transistors for Lifetime Extension. In: 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). p. 2955. , New Orleans, USA, (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9124000, abstract = {The lifetime of power transistors significantly depends on the junction temperature swings. These temperature swings occur, for instance when the load conditions of the power electronic circuit change. In this work, a closed loop junction temperature control system is designed to increase the expected lifetime of power transistors. Therefore, the control system reduces the occurring temperature swings by influencing the power losses of the power transistor. For that, the gate driver’s supply voltage is adjusted, which affects the switching speed and the conduction characteristics. The junction temperature is measured by determination of the temperature sensitive internal gate resistance via the high-frequency gate-signalinjection method and fed back to the junction temperature controller. Both, the junction temperature measurement method and the control system are evaluated with a three-phase two-level voltage-source inverter. It is extended by a control strategy, which calculates a suitable set value for the controller in order to reduce junction temperature swings.}, address = {New Orleans, USA,}, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Schnabel, Lukas and Ziegler, Philipp and Marx, Philipp and Sharma, Kanuj and Fischer, Manuel and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)}, eventdate = {15-19. March 2020}, issn = {2470-6647}, month = {03}, pages = {2955-2955}, title = {Closed Loop Junction Temperature Control of Power Transistors for Lifetime Extension}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124000/}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124000/
6. Nitzsche, M., Barón, K.M., Ziegler, P., Wagner, F., Roth-Stielow, J.: Dynamic AC Power Cycling with Coupled Inverters Operating Under Application-Oriented Conditions. In: VDE (ed.) CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems. pp. 576–581. , Berlin, Germany (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9097745, abstract = {In order to determine the reliability of power semiconductor devices, power cycling tests are applied. Most commonly the necessary heat is generated by conduction losses in the die. As this does not reflect the loss generation in the application, this paper presents a new approach. The heat is generated by a combination of switching and conduction losses exactly as in the application. The inputs and outputs of two three-phase inverters are coupled in order to achieve circular energy flow and therefore high efficiency of the power cycling test. Furthermore, a novel 3D-printed aluminum module heat sink is designed and utilized to achieve the highest possible temperature dynamic.}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Ziegler, Philipp and Wagner, Felix and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems}, editor = {VDE}, language = {English}, month = {03}, pages = {576-581}, title = {Dynamic AC Power Cycling with Coupled Inverters Operating Under Application-Oriented Conditions}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097745}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097745
7. Fischer, M., Erthle, D., Ziegler, P., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comparison of Two Power Electronic Topologies for Power Hardware in the Loop Machine Emulator. In: 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). pp. 2950–2954. , New Orleans, USA, (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9124094, abstract = {Emulating electrical machines simplifies development and testing inverters and their control systems in different operating conditions. Therefore, two fundamental components are required: a real-time operating machine model and an applicable power electronic device, which adjusts the same currents and voltages as the surveyed machine would. Within this paper, two different power electronic topologies are compared regarding their suitability for hardware in the loop machine emulation. The surveyed topologies are a multibranch interleaved-switched inverter on the one hand and an inverter with output filter on the other hand. Especially their dynamic behavior in emulating the machine currents’ course as precise as possible is investigated. Moreover, additional disturbances caused by the power electronics’ switched-mode operation are analyzed, too. For this purpose, both power electronic devices are set up in hardware, controlled by an exemplary machine model. This paper presents the setup of the two topologies and the dedicated control system as well as the analysis by simulation and measurement.}, address = {New Orleans, USA,}, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Erthle, Dennis and Ziegler, Philipp and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)}, eventdate = {15-19. March 2020}, issn = {2470-6647}, month = {03}, pages = {2950-2954}, title = {Comparison of Two Power Electronic Topologies for Power Hardware in the Loop Machine Emulator}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124094/}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124094/
8. Weimer, J., Koch, D., Nitzsche, M., Zehelein, M., Kallfass, I.: Efficiency Requirements for Passively Cooled Converters with Thermal Measurement Based 3D-FEM Simulation. In: 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′20 ECCE Europe). pp. 1–8 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9215643, abstract = {Passively cooled housings for modern power electronic converters with high power density require maximum heat dissipation over little surface area. To determine the power dissipation budget, this paper presents thermal measurement based convection modeling with temperature dependent heat transfer coefficients and the derivation of efficiency requirements for given housing dimensions.}, author = {{Weimer}, J. and {Koch}, D. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Zehelein}, M. and {Kallfass}, I.}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {1-8}, title = {Efficiency Requirements for Passively Cooled Converters with Thermal Measurement Based 3D-FEM Simulation}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215643}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215643
9. Sharma, K., Dayanand, D., Barón, K.M., Ruthardt, J., Münzenmayer, F., Hückelheim, J., Kallfass, I.: A Robust Approach for Characterization of Junction Temperature of SiC Power Devices via Quasi-Threshold Voltage as Temperature Sensitive Electrical Parameter. In: 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC). pp. 1532–1536. , New Orleans, USA (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9124609, abstract = {This paper presents a robust and easy-to-implement approach to measure junction temperature of SiC power devices using quasi-threshold voltage as temperature sensitive electrical parameter with adjustable temperature sensitivity. Static and dynamic measurements were performed and compared on a commercially available 1.2 kV/120 A SiC power module. The voltage drop across the parasitic inductor is used as the trigger for the data acquisition circuit. A robust approach by using a D-flip-flop for latching in data acquisition circuit while keeping fast turn-on behavior and low noise susceptibility in consideration with the option of variable sensitivity has been successfully implemented and presented.}, address = {New Orleans, USA}, author = {Sharma, Kanuj and Dayanand, Deepak and Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Ruthardt, Johannes and Münzenmayer, Florian and Hückelheim, Jan and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)}, eventdate = {15-19. March 2020}, issn = {2470-6647}, language = {English}, month = {03}, pages = {1532-1536}, title = {A Robust Approach for Characterization of Junction Temperature of SiC Power Devices via Quasi-Threshold Voltage as Temperature Sensitive Electrical Parameter}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124609/}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9124609/
10. Nitzsche, M., Haarer, J., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a 9-Level Flying Capacitor Inverter with Very Fast Response of the Controller. In: IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. pp. 2424–2429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254392.
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  @inproceedings{9254392, abstract = {With the increasing utilization of wide bandgap materials in power electronics such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), high voltage GaN transistors step into focus. However, low voltage GaN transistors have been on the market much longer and offer several advantages. The flying-capacitor multilevel converter topology enables these advantages and therefore makes system designs with highest power density and low volume possible. These characteristics are key-factors for penetration of products with wide bandgap materials into industrial electronics markets. This work presents a 9-level flying capacitor DC-AC inverter. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) greatly reduces switching losses, thereby enables high frequency operation of the inverter and consequently enhances efficiency. The implemented hardware is designed for an output power of 200Watt and the prototype is built on a modular platform around an FPGA based control system. The modulation scheme and control system allow for extremely high effective switching frequencies and very fast response. Experimental results demonstrate a peak efficiency above 99.0% and an effective switching frequency of up to 4MHz.}, author = {Nitzsche, M. and Haarer, J. and Ketchedjian, V. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {IECON 2020 The 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society}, doi = {10.1109/IECON43393.2020.9254392}, issn = {2577-1647}, month = {10}, pages = {2424-2429}, title = {Design of a 9-Level Flying Capacitor Inverter with Very Fast Response of the Controller}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9254392}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9254392
11. Wagner, F., Reber, G., Rittner, M., Guyenot, M., Nitzsche, M., Wunderle, B.: Power Cycling of SiC-MOSFET Single-Chip Modules with Additional Measurement Cycles for Life End Determination. In: VDE (ed.) CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems. pp. 530–535. , Berlin, Germany (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9097737, abstract = {To meet the trend of the increasing market of SiC-based power electronics, ECPE is under refinement of the AQG324, to adapt reliability and lifetime testing of power modules with Power Cycling Testing (PCT) also for SiC-based power modules. Based on this qualification guideline the end of life (EoL) criteria of the forward voltage drop VDS is discussed with power cycling (PC) results of SiC-MOSFET single-chip modules and it is shown that different lifetime results can be obtained, if VDS is measured accordingly to different measurement and thermal conditions of VDS. Therefore, PC with a main cycle and additional measurement cycles is introduced to measure VDS and the thermal resistance Rth independently from PC and with simple measurement equipment. Using this procedure, three SiC-MOSFET single chip vehicles with different top-side contacts in fact Al-wire, Al-ribbon and AlCu ribbon bonds are compared using a ‘scientific PC’ and measurement cycles to retain EoL criteria.}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, author = {Wagner, Felix and Reber, Gerhard and Rittner, Martin and Guyenot, Michael and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Wunderle, Bernhard}, booktitle = {CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems}, editor = {VDE}, eventdate = {24.-26. March 2020}, month = {03}, pages = {530-535}, title = {Power Cycling of SiC-MOSFET Single-Chip Modules with Additional Measurement Cycles for Life End Determination}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097737}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097737
12. Nitzsche, M., Lu, S., Zehelein, M., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comprehensive Comparison of 99% Efficient Totem-Pole PFC with Fixed (PWM) or Variable (TCM) Switching Frequency. In: PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–8 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9178001, abstract = {This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of a GaN-transistor based power factor correction in a totem-pole configuration – modulated on the one hand with pulse width modulation and on the other hand with triangular current mode. There are several different modulation schemes for the input current among which pulse width modulation and triangular current mode prove to be two of the most promising options in regard to overall efficiency. The basis for this comparison is a 180W front end with an AC input voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz and a DC output voltage which is varied between 360 V and 400 V. The experimental results demonstrate an efficiency at nominal power of 99% and greater. Focus of this paper is the comparison of the overall system efficiency when switching frequency, output voltage and size of the PFC inductor is varied with both modulation schemes. Power factor and total harmonic distortion of the current will be taken into account in order to ensure compatibility with applicable standards.}, author = {{Nitzsche}, M. and {Lu}, S. and {Zehelein}, M. and {Ruthardt}, J. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {07}, pages = {1-8}, title = {Comprehensive Comparison of 99% Efficient Totem-Pole PFC with Fixed (PWM) or Variable (TCM) Switching Frequency}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178001}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178001
13. Nitzsche, M., Zehelein, M., Weimer, J., Koch, D., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design Flow of a Compact High-Frequency DC/DC Converter with Optimum Average Efficiency in a Wide Operation Range. In: 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′20 ECCE Europe). p. P (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9215933, abstract = {The design of an LLC stage for a wide output voltage range imposes stringent challenges regarding electrical and thermal performance. To match these requirements this paper presents the design approach and measurements of a resonant LLC converter stage, optimized for a maximum average efficiency over a wide operating range.}, author = {{Nitzsche}, M. and {Zehelein}, M. and {Weimer}, J. and {Koch}, D. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.12}, title = {Design Flow of a Compact High-Frequency DC/DC Converter with Optimum Average Efficiency in a Wide Operation Range}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215933}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215933
14. Sharma, K., Barón, K.M., Ruthardt, J., Hueckelheim, J., Koch, D., Muenzenmayer, F., Kallfass, I.: Characterization of the Junction Temperature of SiC Power Devices via Quasi-Threshold Voltage as Temperature Sensitive Electrical Parameter. In: CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems. pp. 1–6. , Berlin, Germany (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9097714, abstract = {This paper presents a robust and easy-to-implement approach to measure the junction temperature of SiC power devices using quasi-threshold voltage as temperature sensitive electrical parameter with adjustable temperature sensitivity. The voltage drop across the parasitic inductance between Kelvin and power source is used to trigger the data acquisition circuit. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the concept of variable temperature sensitivity where the robustness decreases with the increase in the sensitivity. This concept proposes a trade-off between temperature sensitivity and robustness. A D flip-flop is used to make the acquisition circuit more robust to prevent false triggering while keeping fast switching speed and low noise susceptibility. Basic simulations, static and dynamic measurements are performed successfully on a commercially available 1.2 kV/120 A power module in a buck converter topology. The effect of DC-link voltage and load current invariance is also verified in this paper.}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, author = {Sharma, Kanuj and Barón, Kevin Muñoz and Ruthardt, Johannes and Hueckelheim, Jan and Koch, Dominik and Muenzenmayer, Florian and Kallfass, Ingmar}, booktitle = {CIPS 2020; 11th International Conference on Integrated Power Electronics Systems}, eventdate = {24.-26. March 2020}, month = {03}, pages = {1-6}, title = {Characterization of the Junction Temperature of SiC Power Devices via Quasi-Threshold Voltage as Temperature Sensitive Electrical Parameter}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097714}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097714
15. Fischer, M., Ruthardt, J., Ketchedjian, V., Ziegler, P., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Four-Level Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation of Three-Phase Machines. In: 2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′20 ECCE Europe). p. P (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9215767, abstract = {In order to emulate the behavior of three-phase machines in a hardware-in-the-loop test bench, an applicable power electronic device is required. For this purpose, an inverter concept with four variable voltage levels per phase is presented. This concept precisely fulfills the requirements of three-phase machine emulation. The presented inverter is theoretically able to adjust the ideal countervoltage course which is needed to emulate three-phase machines' electrical behavior. In contrast, the countervoltages of commonly used power electronic devices suffer from deviation caused by switched-mode operation or limited bandwidth. Within this paper the setup of the four-level inverter is presented. Besides, the paper discusses a control strategy for operating the four-level inverter as a three-phase machine emulator.}, author = {{Fischer}, M. and {Ruthardt}, J. and {Ketchedjian}, V. and {Ziegler}, P. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {2020 22nd European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'20 ECCE Europe)}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.8}, title = {Four-Level Inverter with Variable Voltage Levels for Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation of Three-Phase Machines}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215767}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9215767
16. Ziegler, P., Haarer, J., Ruthardt, J., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Air-Core Toroidal Transformer Concept for High-Frequency Power Converters. In: PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–5 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9178236, abstract = {This paper presents an air-core toroidal transformer concept, which offers the ability to integrate the power electronic circuit of a converter into the transformer structure. Air-core magnetic components in high-frequency power converters give the advantage of no core losses. The transformer is designed with the help of a magnetic circuit model verified with a finite-element method simulation. The analytic and measured results of a prototype are compared.}, author = {{Ziegler}, P. and {Haarer}, J. and {Ruthardt}, J. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {07}, pages = {1-5}, title = {Air-Core Toroidal Transformer Concept for High-Frequency Power Converters}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178236}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178236
17. Munoz Baron, K., Sharma, K., Nitzsche, M., Ziegler, P., Koch, D., Kallfass, I.: Characterization of Threshold Voltage for Application-Oriented Power Cycling Conditions for Wide-Bandgap Power Devices. In: PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–7 (2020).
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  @inproceedings{9178169, abstract = {A quasi-threshold voltage measurement setup is implemented in a test bench to allow online parameter observation during power cycling tests for silicon carbide MOSFETs. The threshold voltage is known to change during operation, either temporarily or non-reversibly, due to degradation and trapping phenomena in the MOS-structure. To evaluate different assembly and interconnection technologies, for conditions as close to the real application as possible, an application-oriented power cycling test setup is examined. The proposed test bench allows the measurement of a quasi-threshold voltage under the influence of different off-state drain-source and gate voltages. Measurements show a decrease of quasi-threshold voltage with increasing off-state drain-source voltage and negative gate-source voltage.}, author = {{Munoz Baron}, K. and {Sharma}, K. and {Nitzsche}, M. and {Ziegler}, P. and {Koch}, D. and {Kallfass}, I.}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {07}, pages = {1-7}, title = {Characterization of Threshold Voltage for Application-Oriented Power Cycling Conditions for Wide-Bandgap Power Devices}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178169}, year = 2020 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9178169
2019
1. Ruthardt, J., Muñoz Barón, K., Marx, P., Sharma, K., Nitzsche, M., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Online Junction Temperature Measurement via Internal Gate Resistance Using the High Frequency Gate Signal Injection Method. In: PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–7. VDE Verlag (2019).
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  @inproceedings{8767601, abstract = {In many power electronic applications, it is important to monitor the junction temperature of the power semiconductor devices. This enables for example an abnormal temperature protection, lifetime monitoring or junction temperature control. This paper proposes an online junction temperature measurement based on the internal gate resistance as a temperature sensitive electrical parameter. A direct measurement of this resistance is not possible. Therefore, a high frequency signal is injected into the gate circuit to measure the gate circuit's impedance, which includes the temperature sensitive internal gate resistance. This paper focuses on a simple realization of this method.}, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Muñoz Barón, Kevin and Marx, Philipp and Sharma, Kanuj and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, eventdate = {7. - 9. Mai 2019}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4938-6}, language = {English}, month = {05}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, title = {Online Junction Temperature Measurement via Internal Gate Resistance Using the High Frequency Gate Signal Injection Method}, year = 2019 }
2. Zehelein, M., Portik, J., Nitzsche, M., Marx, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Reduction of the Leakage Currents by Switching Transition Synchronization for a Four-Switch Buck-Boost Converter. In: 2019 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2019 - ECCE Asia). pp. 2217–2223. IEEE (2019).
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  @inproceedings{8796950, abstract = {Wide-bandgap transistors are operated at much higher switching transition voltage slopes and current slopes compared to silicon power transistors. For the design of new power electronic devices compactness is a main focus, which increases parasitic capacitances of the device. This trend leads to significantly higher common and differential mode distortions especially at high frequency ranges. To overcome this drawback, efficient filter techniques for these distortions are necessary. This paper focuses on the leakage current reduction in four switch buck-boost converter topologies by synchronizing the switching transitions of the buck and boost stage to achieve a leakage current cancellation. By designing two similar leakage current paths and using destructive interference of two inversely excited leakage currents, the overall leakage current at the heat sink of the device is decreased. This study investigates the effectiveness of the leakage current reduction depending on different operating points for buck and boost operation.}, author = {Zehelein, Matthias and Portik, Julian and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Marx, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2019 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2019 - ECCE Asia)}, eventdate = {27-30 May 2019}, month = {05}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {2217-2223}, title = {Reduction of the Leakage Currents by Switching Transition Synchronization for a Four-Switch Buck-Boost Converter}, year = 2019 }
3. Nitzsche, M., Cheshire, C., Fischer, M., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comprehensive Comparison of a SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT Based Inverter. In: PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–7. VDE Verlag (2019).
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  @inproceedings{8767737, abstract = {The investment which is necessary to replace Si IGBTs with SiC MOSFETs in medium to high power DC-AC inverters needs to be balanced carefully against the advantages SiC offers. This paper compares a 20 kW Si IGBT inverter with a 20 kW SiC MOSFET inverter. The power semiconductor components are operated identically in a modular half bridge module to ensure comparability. Thereby the measurement of the switching losses is explicitly not the focus but the overall efficiency while taking volume, current ripple, switching frequency and inductance into account. The limits of reasonable operating range shall be evaluated and an overview on the benefits of SiC on system level will be given.}, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Cheshire, Christoph and Fischer, Manuel and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, eventdate = {7. - 9. Mai 2019}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4938-6}, month = {05}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, title = {Comprehensive Comparison of a SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT Based Inverter}, year = 2019 }
4. Bintz, S., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Load Emulation for Electrolysis Rectifiers. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2019). IEEE (2019).
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  @inproceedings{bintz2019emulation, author = {Bintz, Steffen and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {13th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS 2019)}, eventdate = {9 – 12 July 2019}, language = {English}, month = {07}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Load Emulation for Electrolysis Rectifiers}, year = 2019 }
5. Ruthardt, J., Hermann, C., Wölfle, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Gate-driver circuit with a variable supply voltage to influence the switching losses. The Journal of Engineering. 2019, 3692–3695 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8129.
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  @article{Ruthardt_2019, abstract = {The lifetime of semiconductor devices used in power electronics depends on the junction temperature. With a suitable junction temperature control system, the lifetime of semiconductor devices is extended. These control systems require a possibility to influence the power losses of the semiconductor devices and therefore the junction temperature. The proposed gate-driver circuit has a variable supply voltage in order to influence the switching speed of the semiconductor devices. This affects the switching losses. In addition, the adjustable switching speed can be used to prevent voltage overshoots during the switching transition or to decrease electromagnetic emission. The main advantage of this gate-driver circuit is its simple structure. This study focuses on the switching losses. }, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Hermann, Chris and Wölfle, Julian and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8129}, issn = {2051-3305}, journal = {The Journal of Engineering}, language = {English}, month = {06}, number = 17, pages = {3692--3695}, publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology ({IET})}, title = {Gate-driver circuit with a variable supply voltage to influence the switching losses}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8129}, volume = 2019, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8129
6. Fischer, M., Ruthardt, J., Nitzsche, M., Ziegler, P., Roth-Stielow, J.: Investigation on Carrier Signals to Minimize the Overall Current Ripple of an Interleaved-Switched Inverter. In: PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–6. VDE Verlag (2019).
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  @inproceedings{8767709, abstract = {This paper proposes a method to minimize the overall output current ripple of an interleaved-switched inverter with several half bridge branches per phase. Therefore, two types of temporal shift between the carrier signals of different branches and phases are defined. In order to get the smallest possible overall current ripple, a dynamic variation of these two temporal shifts is investigated.}, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Ruthardt, Johannes and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Ziegler, Philipp and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2019; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, eventdate = {7. - 9. Mai 2019}, isbn = {978-3-8007-4938-6}, language = {English}, month = {05}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {VDE Verlag}, title = {Investigation on Carrier Signals to Minimize the Overall Current Ripple of an Interleaved-Switched Inverter}, year = 2019 }
7. Fischer, M., Malić, R., Tröster, N., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a three-phase 100 A linear amplifier for power-hardware-in-the-loop machine emulation. IET: The Journal of Engineering. 2019, 4041–4044 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8142.
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  @article{fischer2019design, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Malić, Robert and Tröster, Nathan and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8142}, issn = {2051-3305}, journal = {IET: The Journal of Engineering}, month = {06}, number = 17, pages = {4041 – 4044}, title = {Design of a three-phase 100 A linear amplifier for power-hardware-in-the-loop machine emulation}, volume = 2019, year = 2019 }
8. Nitzsche, M., Zehelein, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a full SiC three-phase power factor correction with an interleaved output buck converter. The Journal of Engineering. 2019, 4143–4146 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8127.
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  @article{Nitzsche_2019, abstract = {Active rectification of the three-phase grid nowadays is a central task of power electronics. However, as the necessary DC bus voltages vary, DC-DC converters are needed. This study presents the design and development of a three-phase power factor correction with an interleaved buck converter in the output stage. The power stage switches are equipped with silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. A modular setup of the half-bridge modules as well as low inductive design of these modules is put into focus. }, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Zehelein, Matthias and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8127}, issn = {2051-3305}, journal = {The Journal of Engineering}, language = {English}, month = {06}, number = 17, pages = {4143--4146}, publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology ({IET})}, title = {Design of a full {SiC} three-phase power factor correction with an interleaved output buck converter}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8127}, volume = 2019, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8127
9. Bintz, S., Häfele, D., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Parallel-Serial-Rectifier for Power-to-Hydrogen Applications. In: 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ’19 ECCE Europe). p. P. , Genova, Italy (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE.2019.8915526.
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  @inproceedings{8915526, abstract = {This paper presents a new rectifier topology for energy storage utilizing electrolysis in low voltage power grids without the typically needed isolation transformer. The proposed concept uses a voltage addition to pre-shape the input voltage of the rectifier to obtain a smoothed output voltage. At the grid connection, a current addition is designated to provide a good power factor. The power electronic concept as well as its control strategy have been developed and adapted according to power quality and efficiency. The rectifier concept is proven by simulation and measurements on a kilowatt-scale demonstrator.}, address = {Genova, Italy}, author = {Bintz, Steffen and Häfele, Daniel and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE.2019.8915526}, eventdate = {9/3/2019 - 9/5/2019}, language = {English}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.11}, title = {Parallel-Serial-Rectifier for Power-to-Hydrogen Applications}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915526/}, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915526/
10. Fischer, M., Gliese, F., Ruthardt, J., Zehelein, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Investigation on a Three-Phase Inverter with LC Output Filter for Machine Emulation. In: 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ’19 ECCE Europe). p. P. , Genova, Italy (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE.2019.8915550.
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  @inproceedings{8915550, abstract = {In addition to a real-time operating machine model an applicable power electronic device is required to emulate the electric behavior of machines. Typically, multilevel inverters are utilized for this purpose. This power electronic device comes with the problem of switched-mode operation which leads to additional disturbing ripple content in the output current. In order to damp the negative influence of switched-mode operation, the suitability of a three-phase inverter with LC output filter for use in a power-hardware-in-the-loop machine emulator is analyzed within this paper. At first the setup of this inverter concept is presented. Afterwards, the paper describes a strategy to control the inverter's output voltages achieving machine-emulating behavior. The operation as machine emulator is demonstrated in simulation results, finally.}, address = {Genova, Italy}, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Gliese, Felix and Ruthardt, Johannes and Zehelein, Matthias and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE.2019.8915550}, eventdate = {9/3/2019 - 9/5/2019}, language = {English}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.8}, title = {Investigation on a Three-Phase Inverter with LC Output Filter for Machine Emulation}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915550/}, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915550/
11. Ruthardt, J., Ziegler, P., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Model Based Junction Temperature Control Using the Gate Driver Voltage as a Correction Variable. In: 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ’19 ECCE Europe). p. P. , Genova, Italy (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE.2019.8915157.
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  @inproceedings{8915157, abstract = {Junction temperature swings, caused by load alternation in power electronics, lead to a reduced lifetime of power semiconductor devices. When temperature swings occur, the different material layers of the power semiconductor device expand in a different way because of their different coefficient of thermal expansion. The result is mechanical strain between these layers. Junction temperature control systems are able to minimize the occurring temperature swings and to smooth the junction temperature course. Thus, the expected lifetime of the power semiconductor device is extended. A possibility to affect the junction temperature and the value of the junction temperature are required to realize such a control system. This paper proposes a model based junction temperature control system for lifetime extension of the power semiconductor devices using the gate driver's supply voltage as a correction variable. Therefore, the junction temperature is calculated by a thermal model with the load condition as an input variable.}, address = {Genova, Italy}, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Ziegler, Philipp and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE.2019.8915157}, eventdate = {9/3/2019 - 9/5/2019}, language = {English}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.8}, title = {Model Based Junction Temperature Control Using the Gate Driver Voltage as a Correction Variable}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915157/}, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8915157/
12. Zehelein, M., Ruthardt, J., Nitzsche, M., Tymosch, T., Roth-Stielow, J.: Leakage current reduction for a double-leg boost converter by switching transition synchronisation. The Journal of Engineering. 2019, 3789–3792 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8128.
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  @article{iet:/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8128, abstract = {With wide-bandgap transistors, the leakage current through the parasitic transistor to heat sink capacitance is increased with the operation at higher switching transition voltage slopes. This study presents a modulation synchronisation method for a double-leg boost converter to reduce these leakage currents. Having a similar leakage current path, the transistors turn-on transition of one leg is synchronised on the turn-off transition of the second leg.}, author = {Zehelein, Matthias and Ruthardt, Johannes and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Tymosch, Tobias and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, copyright = {This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)}, doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8128}, issn = {2051-3305}, journal = {The Journal of Engineering}, language = {English}, month = {06}, number = 17, pages = {3789-3792}, publisher = {Institution of Engineering and Technology}, title = {Leakage current reduction for a double-leg boost converter by switching transition synchronisation}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8128}, volume = 2019, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8128
13. Zehelein, M., Fischer, M., Nitzsche, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Influence of the Filter Design on Wide-Bandgap Voltage Source Inverters with Sine Wave Filter for Electrical Drives. In: 2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE ’19 ECCE Europe). p. P. , Genova, Italy (2019). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE.2019.8914968.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8914968, abstract = {State-of-the-art electric drives are mainly equipped with two level three phase voltage source inverters offering an compact setup with good efficiency but electromagnetic interference is an issue especially in sensitive environments. Also bearing currents, excited by common-mode noise, can influence the reliability of the connected machine. To reduce these bearing currents and the inverter's electromagnetic compatibility an output filter can be used. Especially with wide band-gap semiconductors the reduced switching losses offer output filters with low volume. Furthermore, this filter offers several degrees of freedom to optimize the losses of the whole inverter system. Possible filter designs are investigated and compared with each other. A design methodology to find loss optimized filter configurations is presented. By modeling the whole inverter and filter system the losses of the system are calculated for every filter configuration iteratively at a desired operating point. These loss models consider soft switching behavior as well as high frequency losses of the passives to take also configurations with high filter choke current ripple into account.}, address = {Genova, Italy}, author = {Zehelein, Matthias and Fischer, Manuel and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {2019 21st European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE '19 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE.2019.8914968}, eventdate = {9/3/2019 - 9/5/2019}, language = {English}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.10}, title = {Influence of the Filter Design on Wide-Bandgap Voltage Source Inverters with Sine Wave Filter for Electrical Drives}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8914968/}, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8914968/
14. Bintz, S., Haarer, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Repetitive Controller for Low Grid Current Harmonics in a Hybrid Parallel Electrolysis Rectifier. In: NEIS 2019; Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems. pp. 1–7 (2019).
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{9000481, abstract = {As water electrolysis for energy storage or sector coupling becomes more relevant, suitable rectifiers for grid integration are needed. A promising rectifier concept for this application is a combination of a thyristor rectifier, which offers a high efficiency at the needed high currents, and a parallel voltage source inverter (VSI) for grid current correction and DC-output smoothing at the same time [1]. However, as the desired low grid current harmonics can only hardly be achieved with a conventional controller, a repetitive control concept for the VSI is introduced. The proposed system is verified with measurements on a 5 kW demonstrator circuit of the proposed topology.}, author = {{Bintz}, S. and {Haarer}, J. and {Roth-Stielow}, J.}, booktitle = {NEIS 2019; Conference on Sustainable Energy Supply and Energy Storage Systems}, month = {09}, pages = {1-7}, title = {Repetitive Controller for Low Grid Current Harmonics in a Hybrid Parallel Electrolysis Rectifier}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9000481}, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9000481
15. Speckmann, F.-W., Bintz, S., Birke, K.P.: Influence of rectifiers on the energy demand and gas quality of alkaline electrolysis systems in dynamic operation. Applied Energy. 250, 855–863 (2019). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.014.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @article{SPECKMANN2019855, abstract = {This paper investigates the correlation between different rectifier topologies and the energy demand as well as the gas quality of an alkaline electrolysis. The focus lies on recent scenarios which require partial load operation of electrolyzers. The layout-dependent current outputs of three conventional and a self-developed rectifier were simulated based on actual measurement data. After the down-scaling of the acquired current profiles, these were applied to a lab-scale alkaline electrolyzer. The rectifier structures are assessed for dynamic operation between 25% and 100% of their nominal load. Experimental results show a strong influence of the rectified current quality on the required electrical energy of the electrolysis process. Conventional thyristor structures with a high current ripple consume up to 13% more energy compared to the newly designed process current source, which provides an almost perfectly smoothed direct current. Additionally, high current ripples, which occur especially in low load scenarios, cause oxygen to diffuse to the hydrogen half cell and reduce the product gas purity. Therefore, not every rectifier is suited for dynamic operation of electrolysis systems.}, author = {Speckmann, Friedrich-W. and Bintz, Steffen and Birke, Kai Peter}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.014}, issn = {0306-2619}, journal = {Applied Energy}, pages = {855 - 863}, title = {Influence of rectifiers on the energy demand and gas quality of alkaline electrolysis systems in dynamic operation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.014}, volume = 250, year = 2019 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.014
2018
1. Ruthardt, J., Fischer, M., Wölfle, J., Tröster, N., Roth-Stielow, J.: Three-Level-gate-Driver to Run Power Transistors in the Saturation Region for Junction Temperature Control. In: Mesago PCIM GmbH, S. (ed.) International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM). pp. 1562–1569. VDE (2018).
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  @inproceedings{ruthardt2018threelevelgatedriver, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Fischer, Manuel and Wölfle, Julian and Tröster, Nathan and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM)}, editor = {Mesago PCIM GmbH, Stuttgart}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-8007-4646-0}, month = {06}, pages = {1562-1569}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Three-Level-gate-Driver to Run Power Transistors in the Saturation Region for Junction Temperature Control}, year = 2018 }
2. Schuster, J., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Sensorless Position Estimation for an Externally Excited Synchronous Machine over the Whole Speed Range. In: Mesago PCIM GmbH, S. (ed.) International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM). pp. 1192–1198. VDE (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{schuster2018sensorless, author = {Schuster, Johannes and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM)}, editor = {Mesago PCIM GmbH, Stuttgart}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-8007-4646-0}, month = {06}, pages = {1192-1198}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Sensorless Position Estimation for an Externally Excited Synchronous Machine over the Whole Speed Range}, year = 2018 }
3. Fischer, M., Petzner, S., Ruthardt, J., Schuster, J., Bintz, S., Roth-Stielow, J.: Current Control for a Multiphase Interleaved-Switched Inverter Using Field Oriented Coordinates. Presented at the September (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{fischer2018current, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Petzner, Sven and Ruthardt, Johannes and Schuster, Johannes and Bintz, Steffen and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, month = {09}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Current Control for a Multiphase Interleaved-Switched Inverter Using Field Oriented Coordinates}, year = 2018 }
4. Bintz, S., Speckmann, F.W., Roth-Stielow, J.: Process Current Source for Investigation on Current Waveform in Electrolysis Process. ECS Transactions. 83, 195–209 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/08301.0195ecst.
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @article{Bintz_2018, author = {Bintz, Steffen and Speckmann, Friedrich Wilhelm and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, doi = {10.1149/08301.0195ecst}, journal = {{ECS} Transactions}, month = {01}, number = 1, pages = {195--209}, publisher = {The Electrochemical Society}, title = {Process Current Source for Investigation on Current Waveform in Electrolysis Process}, volume = 83, year = 2018 }
5. Tröster, N., Ruthardt, J., Nitzsche, M., Wölfle, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor combining a Coreless Current Transformer and TMR Sensors. In: Mesago PCIM GmbH, S. (ed.) International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM). pp. 1349–1355. VDE (2018).
  - BibTeX
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  @inproceedings{troster2018bandwidth, author = {Tröster, Nathan and Ruthardt, Johannes and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Wölfle, Julian and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM)}, editor = {Mesago PCIM GmbH, Stuttgart}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-8007-4646-0}, month = {06}, pages = {1349-1355}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Wide Bandwidth Current Sensor combining a Coreless Current Transformer and TMR Sensors}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8403012}, year = 2018 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8403012
6. Tröster, N., Eisenhardt, T., Zehelein, M., Wölfle, J., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Improvements of a Coaxial Current Sensor with a Wide Bandwidth Based on the HOKA Principle. Presented at the September (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{troster2018improvements, author = {Tröster, Nathan and Eisenhardt, Torsten and Zehelein, Matthias and Wölfle, Julian and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, month = {09}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Improvements of a Coaxial Current Sensor with a Wide Bandwidth Based on the HOKA Principle}, year = 2018 }
7. Speckmann, F.-W., Bintz, S., Groninger, M.L., Birke, K.P.: Alkaline Electrolysis with Overpotential-Reducing Current Profiles. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 165, F456––F462 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0511807jes.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @article{Speckmann_2018, author = {Speckmann, F.-W. and Bintz, S. and Groninger, M. L. and Birke, K. P.}, doi = {10.1149/2.0511807jes}, journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, number = 7, pages = {F456--F462}, publisher = {The Electrochemical Society}, title = {Alkaline Electrolysis with Overpotential-Reducing Current Profiles}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1149%2F2.0511807jes}, volume = 165, year = 2018 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1149%2F2.0511807jes
8. Fischer, M., Malić, R., Tröster, N., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a Three-Phase 100 Ampere Linear Amplifier for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Machine-Emulation. In: The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). IET (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{fischer2018design, author = {Fischer, Manuel and Malić, Robert and Tröster, Nathan and Ruthardt, Johannes and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD)}, month = {04}, publisher = {IET}, title = {Design of a Three-Phase 100 Ampere Linear Amplifier for Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Machine-Emulation}, year = 2018 }
9. Ruthardt, J., Hermann, C., Wölfle, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Gate Driver Circuit with a Variable Supply Voltage to Influence the Switching Losses. In: The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). IET (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{ruthardt2018driver, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Hermann, Chris and Wölfle, Julian and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD)}, month = {04}, publisher = {IET}, title = {Gate Driver Circuit with a Variable Supply Voltage to Influence the Switching Losses}, year = 2018 }
10. Ruthardt, J., Wölfle, J., Tröster, N., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Dead Time as a Correction Variable for Junction Temperature Control. In: 20th European conference on power electronics and applications. IEEE (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{noauthororeditor2018, author = {Ruthardt, Johannes and Wölfle, Julian and Tröster, Nathan and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {20th European conference on power electronics and applications}, month = {09}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Dead Time as a Correction Variable for Junction Temperature Control}, year = 2018 }
11. Nitzsche, M., Zehelein, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Design of a full SiC 3-phase power factor correction with interleaved output buck converter. In: Journal of Engineering; The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). IET (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8127.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{nitzsche2018design, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Zehelein, Matthias and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {Journal of Engineering; The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD)}, doi = {10.1049/joe.2018.8127}, month = {04}, publisher = {IET}, title = {Design of a full SiC 3-phase power factor correction with interleaved output buck converter}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8127}, year = 2018 }
  Link
  https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8127
12. Wölfle, J., Pitters, M., Ruthardt, J., Schuster, J., Stempfle, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comparision of Two Model based Temperature Control Systems Implemented on a Three Level T-Type Inverter. In: Mesago PCIM GmbH, S. (ed.) International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM). pp. 1520–1527. VDE (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{wolfle2018comparision, author = {Wölfle, Julian and Pitters, Matthias and Ruthardt, Johannes and Schuster, Johannes and Stempfle, Martin and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM)}, editor = {Mesago PCIM GmbH, Stuttgart}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-8007-4646-0}, month = {06}, pages = {1520-1527}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Comparision of Two Model based Temperature Control Systems Implemented on a Three Level T-Type Inverter}, year = 2018 }
13. Zehelein, M., Ruthardt, J., Nitzsche, M., Tymosch, T., Roth-Stielow, J.: Leakage current reduction for a double-leg boost-converter by switching transition synchronization. In: Journal of Engineering; The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). IET (2018).
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{pemd2018leakage, abstract = {With wide-bandgap transistors, the leakage current through the parasitic transistor to heat sink capacitance is increased with the operation at higher switching transition voltage slopes. This study presents a modulation synchronisation method for a double-leg boost converter to reduce these leakage currents. Having a similar leakage current path, the transistors turn-on transition of one leg is synchronised on the turn-off transition of the second leg.}, author = {Zehelein, Matthias and Ruthardt, Johannes and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Tymosch, Tobias and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {Journal of Engineering; The 9th International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD)}, month = {04}, publisher = {IET}, title = {Leakage current reduction for a double-leg boost-converter by switching transition synchronization}, url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8128}, year = 2018 }
  Link
  https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/joe.2018.8128
14. Nitzsche, M., Zehelein, M., Tröster, N., Roth-Stielow, J.: Precise Voltage Measurement for Power Electronics with High Switching Frequencies. In: Mesago PCIM GmbH, S. (ed.) International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM). pp. 1356–1361. VDE (2018).
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{nitzsche2018precise, author = {Nitzsche, Maximilian and Zehelein, Matthias and Tröster, Nathan and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management Proceedings (PCIM)}, editor = {Mesago PCIM GmbH, Stuttgart}, isbn = {ISBN 978-3-8007-4646-0}, month = {06}, pages = {1356-1361}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Precise Voltage Measurement for Power Electronics with High Switching Frequencies}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8403013}, year = 2018 }
  Link
  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8403013
15. Bintz, S., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Parallel Rectifier for Regenerative Hydrogen Production Utilizing a Combination of Thyristor and PWM-based Topologies. In: Proceedings of the EPE 2018 conference. IEEE (2018).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{bintz2018parallel, author = {Bintz, Steffen and Fischer, Manuel and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the EPE 2018 conference}, eventdate = {18.9. - 20.9.2018}, eventtitle = {EPE 2018}, month = {09}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Parallel Rectifier for Regenerative Hydrogen Production Utilizing a Combination of Thyristor and PWM-based Topologies}, year = 2018 }
2017
1. Stempfle, M., Nitzsche, M., Woelfle, J., Zehelein, M., Xu, X., Roth-Stielow, J.: Simple but accurate loss modelling of an IPMSM considering harmonic losses and saturation effects. In: International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC) - Miami, USA. IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2017.8002071.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{Stempfle_2017, author = {Stempfle, Martin and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Woelfle, Julian and Zehelein, Matthias and Xu, Xiaolei and Roth-Stielow, Jorg}, booktitle = {International Electric Machines and Drives Conference ({IEMDC}) - Miami, USA}, doi = {10.1109/iemdc.2017.8002071}, month = {05}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {Simple but accurate loss modelling of an {IPMSM} considering harmonic losses and saturation effects}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fiemdc.2017.8002071}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fiemdc.2017.8002071
2. Schuster, J., Ketchedjian, V., Roth-Stielow, J.: Sensorless position estimation at low speeds till standstill with reduced filtering requirements for an externally exited synchronous machine. In: 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Sensorless Control for Electrical Drives (SLED). IEEE (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/sled.2017.8078422.
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{SLED_Schuster_2017, author = {Schuster, Johannes and Ketchedjian, Vasken and Roth-Stielow, Jorg}, booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} International Symposium on Sensorless Control for Electrical Drives ({SLED})}, doi = {10.1109/sled.2017.8078422}, month = {09}, publisher = {{IEEE}}, title = {Sensorless position estimation at low speeds till standstill with reduced filtering requirements for an externally exited synchronous machine}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fsled.2017.8078422}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fsled.2017.8078422
3. Schramm, A., Sworowski, E., Roth-Stielow, J.: Compensation of torque ripples in permanent magnet synchronous machines up to the field weakening range. In: 2017 7th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC). pp. 1–8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2017.8328154.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8328154, abstract = {In this paper, a method for compensation of torque ripples in permanent magnet synchronous machines is presented. The motivation is to reduce torque-ripple-induced vibration and acoustic noise. Since the torque ripples are predominant in the field weakening range the focus is to set up a compensation method in high-speed ranges. Based on the modeled torque ripple effects, an optimized control strategy is developed to realize a precise harmonic voltage excitation. Furthermore, the limiting factor of the available voltage in the field weakening range is considered and an extended control strategy is introduced to allow a compensation of torque ripples close to the voltage limit.}, author = {Schramm, A. and Sworowski, E. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {2017 7th International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC)}, doi = {10.1109/EDPC.2017.8328154}, month = {12}, pages = {1-8}, title = {Compensation of torque ripples in permanent magnet synchronous machines up to the field weakening range}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2017.8328154}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109/EDPC.2017.8328154
4. Ruthardt, J., Blank, F., Wölfle, J., Tröster, N., Roth-Stielow, J.: Power supply with active energy storage to reuse the braking energy for servo drives. In: 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′17 ECCE Europe). p. P (2017). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099002.
  - BibTeX
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  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8099002, author = {Ruthardt, J. and Blank, F. and Wölfle, J. and Tröster, N. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099002}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Power supply with active energy storage to reuse the braking energy for servo drives}, url = {https://doi.org/10.23919%2Fepe17ecceeurope.2017.8099002}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.23919%2Fepe17ecceeurope.2017.8099002
5. Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Analysis of the Influence of Static and Dynamic Eccentricity on Back EMF of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. In: Innovative Small Drives and Micro-Motor Systems; 11th GMM/ETG-Symposium. pp. 1–6 (2017).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8241180, abstract = {In this paper the measurement results that represent the back electromotive force (EMF) of a small drive permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) are proposed. The focus is on the comparison between three mechanical configurations: the original one and a setup with static and dynamic eccentricity. Additionally, the influence of compensating currents is considered due to the circuitry of the windings belonging to one phase. This leads to quite similar gradients of back EMF in all three mechanical configurations. The PMSM consists of an external rotor, has a pole pair number of 4 and a mechanical output power of 240 W. Each electric phase consists of four windings. Two of them are serial connected and both serial connections are parallel connected. If the partial back EMF at one winding is not equal to the back EMF at windings of the same phase, compensating currents will occur and will counteract the partial back EMF. This happens especially in case of static and dynamic eccentricity. In these cases the air gap length as well as the partial back EMF depend besides on the position also on the angle between the rotor and the stator of the machine. To analyse the back EMF at several operating points, a machine test bench is set up. In order to measure the partial back EMF, the machine is equipped with additional stator windings. Furthermore, the parallel connections of the windings are disconnected and the pins are led through the machine's package. On the one hand, it is possible to leave the connection open-circuited to avoid compensating currents. On the other hand, the connection can be restored using an amperemeter, which enables a measurement of the intensity of the compensating currents at different operating points. Due to mechanical modifications on the machine it is possible to analyse the specific influence of static and dynamic eccentricity.}, author = {Fischer, M. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {Innovative Small Drives and Micro-Motor Systems; 11th GMM/ETG-Symposium}, month = {09}, pages = {1-6}, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Static and Dynamic Eccentricity on Back EMF of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor}, year = 2017 }
6. Woelfle, J., Nitzsche, M., Troester, N., Stempfle, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Comparison of Three Model Based Junction Temperature Control Systems to Increase the Lifetime of IGBT-Power-Modules. In: PCIM Europe - Nuremberg, Germany. VDE (2017).
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{woelfle2017pcim, author = {Woelfle, Julian and Nitzsche, Maximilian and Troester, Nathan and Stempfle, Martin and Roth-Stielow, Jörg}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe - Nuremberg, Germany }, isbn = {978-3-8007-4424-4}, month = {05}, publisher = {VDE}, title = {Comparison of Three Model Based Junction Temperature Control Systems to Increase the Lifetime of IGBT-Power-Modules}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7990877/}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7990877/
7. Wölfle, J., Röser, T., Nitzsche, M., Tröster, N., Stempfle, M., Ruthardt, J., Roth-Stielow, J.: Model based temperature control system to increase the expected lifetime of IGBT power modules executed on a neutral point diode clamped three level inverter. In: 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′17 ECCE Europe). p. P (2017). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099156.
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8099156, author = {Wölfle, J. and Röser, T. and Nitzsche, M. and Tröster, N. and Stempfle, M. and Ruthardt, J. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099156}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.9}, title = {Model based temperature control system to increase the expected lifetime of IGBT power modules executed on a neutral point diode clamped three level inverter}, url = {https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099156}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099156
8. Schuster, J., Schenkyr, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: A comparison of two methods for sensorless position estimation using the electromagnetic force at an electrically excited synchronous machine. In: 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE′17 ECCE Europe). p. P (2017). https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099226.
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{8099226, author = {Schuster, J. and Schenkyr, M. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe)}, doi = {10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099226}, month = {09}, pages = {P.1-P.10}, title = {A comparison of two methods for sensorless position estimation using the electromagnetic force at an electrically excited synchronous machine}, url = {https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099226}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.23919/EPE17ECCEEurope.2017.8099226
9. Tröster, N., Dominković, B., Wölfle, J., Fischer, M., Roth-Stielow, J.: Wide bandwidth current probe for power electronics using tunneling magnetoresistance sensors. In: 2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS). pp. 35–40 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289128.
  - BibTeX
  - Link
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{trster2017bandwidth, abstract = {This paper presents a contact-free current probe, developed to measure typical current profiles which appear in power electronic circuits. For high switching frequencies and steep current slopes the requirement for the dynamic of the current probe is high. This means the current probe needs a wide bandwidth from DC up to several megahertz. This is achieved by the combination of two current measurement principles, Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors and a Rogowski coil.}, author = {Tröster, N. and Dominković, B. and Wölfle, J. and Fischer, M. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {2017 IEEE 12th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS)}, doi = {10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289128}, month = {12}, pages = {35-40}, title = {Wide bandwidth current probe for power electronics using tunneling magnetoresistance sensors}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289128}, year = 2017 }
  Link
  https://doi.org/10.1109/PEDS.2017.8289128
10. Stempfle, M., Han, Y., Woelfle, J., Troester, N., Roth-Stielow, J.: Influence of Different Switching Frequencies and Modulation Techniques on IPMSM and Inverter Losses Optimizing the Overall Drive Train Efficiency. In: PCIM Europe 2017; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. pp. 1–5 (2017).
  - BibTeX
  BibTeX
  @inproceedings{7990931, abstract = {For the optimization of the drive train efficiency, a trade-off between inverter and machine losses is of importance. The inverter's switching frequency and modulation technique influence these losses. In this paper the power loss characteristics of a 70 kW interior permanent magnet synchronous machine are analyzed for different switching frequencies and modulation techniques. Furthermore the machine losses are opposed to the losses of a three phase two-level voltage source inverter. Finally the benefit through the optimization process is shown for several operating points and utilized on a driving cycle. The results of the paper are derived from measurements on a test bench.}, author = {Stempfle, M. and Han, Y. and Woelfle, J. and Troester, N. and Roth-Stielow, J.}, booktitle = {PCIM Europe 2017; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, month = {05}, pages = {1-5}, title = {Influence of Different Switching Frequencies and Modulation Techniques on IPMSM and Inverter Losses Optimizing the Overall Drive Train Efficiency}, year = 2017 }

Publikationen

Veröffentlichungen am Institut für Leistungselektronik und Elektrische Antriebe

2024

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2023

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2022

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2021

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